Power Electronics Unit 4

UNIT-IV
INVERTERS
02/20/16
Copyright by www.noteshit.com
Single-Phase Inverters
Half-Bridge Inverter
One of the simplest types of inverter. Produces a square wave output.
02/20/16
(contd)
Full Bridge (H-bridge) Inverter
Two half-bridge inverters combined.
Allows for four quadrant operation.
02/20/16
(contd)
Quadrant 1: Positive step-down converter
(forward motoring)
Q1-On; Q2 - Chopping; D3,Q1 freewheeling
02/20/16
(contd)
Quadrant 2: Positive step-up converter
(forward regeneration)
Q4 - Chopping; D2,D1 freewheeling
02/20/16
(contd)
Quadrant 3: Negative step-down converter
(reverse motoring)
Q3-On; Q4 - Chopping; D1,Q3 freewheeling
02/20/16
(contd)
Quadrant 4: Negative step-up converter

(reverse regeneration)
Q2 - Chopping; D3,D4 freewheeling
02/20/16
(contd)
Phase-Shift Voltage Control - the output of
the H-bridge inverter can be controlled by
phase shifting the control of the
component half-bridges. See waveforms
on next slide.
02/20/16
(contd)
02/20/16
(contd)
The waveform of the output voltage vab is a quasi-square
wave of pulse width . The Fourier series of vab is given
by:
4Vd
vab
n 1,3,5... n
n
sin 2 cos n t

The value of the fundamental, a1=
4Vd
sin / 2
The harmonic components as a function of phase angle

are shown in the next slide.
02/20/16
10
(contd)
02/20/16
11
Three-Phase Bridge
Inverters
Three-phase bridge inverters are widely
used for ac motor drives. Two modes of
operation - square wave and six-step. The
topology is basically three half-bridge
inverters, each phase-shifted by 2/3,
driving each of the phase windings.
02/20/16
12
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters

(contd)
02/20/16
13

(contd)
02/20/16
14

(contd)
The three square-wave phase voltages
can be expressed in terms of the dc
supply voltage, Vd, by Fourier series as:
2Vd
va 0
2Vd
vb 0
2Vd
vc 0
02/20/16
(1) n 1 cos(nt )
n 1,3,5...
(1)
n 1
n 1,3,5...
n 1,3,5...
(1)
2
cos( nt )
3
n 1
2
cos( nt )
3
15

(contd)
The line voltages can then be expressed as:
2 3Vd
vab va 0 vb 0
2 3Vd
vbc vb 0 vc 0
2 3Vd
vca vc 0 va 0
02/20/16
cos( t / 6) cos(nt 6)
cos( t / 2) cos(nt 2)
cos( t 5 / 6) cos( nt 5 6)
n 1,3,5...
n 1,3,5...
n 1,3,5...
16

(contd)
The line voltages are six-step waveforms and
have characteristic harmonics of 6n1,
where n is an integer. This type of inverter is
referred to as a six-step inverter.
The three-phase fundamental and harmonics
are balanced with a mutual phase shift of
2/3.
02/20/16
17

(contd)
If the three-phase load neutral n is isolated from the the
center tap of the dc voltage supply (as is normally the
case in an ac machine) the equivalent circuit is shown
below.
02/20/16
18

(contd)
In this case the isolated neutral-phase
voltages are also six-step waveforms with
the fundamental component phase-shifted
by /6 from that of the respective line
voltage. Also, in this case, the triplen
harmonics are suppressed.
02/20/16
19

(contd)
For a linear and balanced 3 load, the line currents are also
balanced. The individual line current components can be obtained
from the Fourier series of the line voltage. The total current can be
obtained by addition of the individual currents. A typical line current
wave with inductive load is shown below.
02/20/16
20

(contd)
The inverter can operate in the usual inverting or motoring mode. If
the phase current wave, ia, is assumed to be perfectly filtered and lags
the phase voltage by /3 the voltage and current waveforms are as
shown below:
02/20/16
21

The inverter can also operate in rectification or regeneration
mode in which power is pushed back to the dc side from the ac
side. The waveforms corresponding to this mode of operation
with phase angle = 2/3 are shown below:
02/20/16
22

(contd)
The phase-shift voltage control principle
described earlier for the single-phase
inverter can be extended to control the
output voltage of a three-phase inverter.
02/20/16
23

(contd)
02/20/16
24

(contd)
The three waveforms va0,vb0, and vc0 are of
amplitude 0.5Vd and are mutually phaseshifted by 2/3.
The three waveforms ve0,vf0, and vg0 are of
similar but phase shifted by .
02/20/16
25

(contd)
The transformers secondary phase voltages, vA0, vB0, and vc0

may be expressed as follows:
v A0 mvad m(va 0 vd 0 )
vB 0 mvbe m(vb 0 ve 0 )
where m is the transformer turns ratio

(= Ns/Np). Note that each of these waves is a function of
v
mv
m
(
v
v
)
C
0
cf
c
0
f
0
angle.
02/20/16
26

(contd)
The output line voltages are given by:
v AB v A0 vB 0
vBC vB 0 vC 0
vCA vC 0 v A0
While the component voltage waves va0, vd0, vA0 etc. all
contain triplen harmonics, they are eliminated from the line
voltages because they are co-phasal. Thus the line
voltages are six-step waveforms with order of harmonics =
6n1 at a phase angle .
02/20/16
27

(contd)
The Fourier series for vA0 and vB0 are given
by:
02/20/16
v A0
4mVd

n 1,3,5... n
vB 0
4mVd

n 1,3,5... n
n
sin 2 cos n t

n
sin 2 cos n t 2 / 3

28

(contd)
The Fourier series for vAB is given by:
v AB v A0 vB 0
4mVd

n 1,5,7,11... n
n
sin 2

cos n t cos n t
Note that the triplen harmonics are removed in

vAB although they are present in vA0 and vB0.
02/20/16
29
PWM Technique
While the 3 6-step inverter offers simple
control and low switching loss, lower order
harmonics are relatively high leading to high
distortion of the current wave (unless
significant filtering is performed).
PWM inverter offers better harmonic control
of the output than 6-step inverter.
02/20/16
30
PWM Principle
The dc input to the inverter is chopped by
switching devices in the inverter. The
amplitude and harmonic content of the ac
waveform is controlled by the duty cycle of
the switches. The fundamental voltage v1
has max. amplitude = 4Vd/ for a square
wave output but by creating notches, the
amplitude of v1 is reduced (see next slide).
02/20/16
31
PWM Principle (contd)
02/20/16
32
PWM Techniques
Various PWM techniques, include:
02/20/16
Sinusoidal PWM (most common)

Selected Harmonic Elimination (SHE) PWM
Space-Vector PWM
Instantaneous current control PWM
Hysteresis band current control PWM
Sigma-delta modulation
33
Sinusoidal PWM
The most common PWM approach is
sinusoidal PWM. In this method a
triangular wave is compared to a
sinusoidal wave of the desired
frequency and the relative levels of the
two waves is used to control the
switching of devices in each phase leg
of the inverter.
02/20/16
34
Sinusoidal PWM
(contd)
Single-Phase (Half-Bridge) Inverter
Implementation
02/20/16
35
Sinusoidal PWM (contd)
when va0> vT T+ on; T- off; va0 = Vd

va0 < vT T- on; T+ off; va0 = -Vd
02/20/16
36
Sinusoidal PWM
(contd)
02/20/16
37
Sinusoidal PWM (contd)

Definition of terms:
Triangle waveform switching freq. = f c (also called carrier
freq.)
Control signal freq. = f (also called modulation freq.)
Amplitude modulation ratio, m = Vp
VT
Frequency modulation ratio,
mf (P)= fc / f
02/20/16
Peak amplitude
of control signal
Peak amplitude
of triangle wave
38
Multiple Pulse-Width Modulation

In multiple-pulse modulation, all pulses
are the same width
Vary the pulse width according to the
amplitude of a sine wave evaluated at the
center of the same pulse
02/20/16
39
Generate the gating signal
02/20/16
2 Reference Signals, vr, -vr
40
Comparing the carrier and reference signals

Generate g1 signal by comparison with vr
Generate g4 signal by comparison with -vr
02/20/16
41
Comparing the carrier and reference signals
02/20/16
42
Potential problem if Q1 and Q4 try to turn ON

at the same time!
02/20/16
43
If we prevent the problem
Output voltage is low when g1 and g4 are both

high
02/20/16
44
This composite signal is difficult to generate
02/20/16
45
Generate the same gate pulses with one

sine wave
02/20/16
46
Alternate scheme
02/20/16
47
rms output voltage

Depends on the modulation index, M
V V
o
p
V
2p
m1
Where m is the width of the mth pulse
02/20/16
48
Fourier coefficients of the output voltage
4V
n
B
sin
n
4
n 1,3,5,..
2p
m1
02/20/16
sin n 3 sin n
4
4
m
49
Harmonic Profile
02/20/16
50
Compare with multiple-pulse case for p=5
Distortion Factor is considerably less

02/20/16
51
Series-Resonant Inverter
02/20/16
52
Operation
T1 fired, resonant pulse of current
flows through the load. The current
falls to zero at t = t1m and T1 is self
commutated.
T2 fired, reverse resonant current
flows through the load and T2 is also
self-commutated.
The series resonant circuit must be
underdamped,
R2 < (4L/C)
02/20/16
53
Operation in Mode 1 Fire T1
di1
1
L
Ri1 i1dt vC (0) VS
dt
C
i1 (0) 0
vC (0) VC
02/20/16
54
i1 (t ) A1e
R
t
2L
sin r t
1
2
1
R2
r
2
LC 4 L
Vs Vc
di1
A1
dt t 0
r L
Vs Vc t
i1 (t )
e sin r t
r L
R
2L
02/20/16
55
To find the time when the current is

maximum, set the first derivative = 0
di1
0
dt
Vs Vc
t
t
e
sin
e
cos r t 0
r
r
r L
.....
r
tan r tm
1 r t m
tan
r t m
1
1 r
tm
tan
r
2
02/20/16
56
To find the capacitor voltage, integrate the

current
t
1
vC1 (t ) i1 (t )dt Vc
C0
1 Vs Vc
t
vC1 (t )
e
sin r t dt VC
C 0 r L
...
t
vC1 (t ) (Vs VC )e t ( sin r t r cos r t ) / r Vs
0 t t1m ( )
r
The current i1 becomes = 0 @ t=t1m
vC1 (t1m ) VC1 Vs VC e

02/20/16
Vs
57
02/20/16
58
Operation in Mode 2 T1, T2 Both OFF
i2 (t ) 0
vC2 (t ) VC1
vC2 (t2m ) VC2 VC1
02/20/16
59
t2m
02/20/16
60
Operation in Mode 3 Fire T2
di3
1
L
Ri3 i3dt vC3 (0) 0
dt
C
i3 (0) 0
vC3 (0) VC2 VC1
02/20/16
61
i3 (t )
VC1
r L
sin r t
1
vC3 (t ) i3dt VC1
C0
vC3 (t )
VC1 e t ( sin r t r cos r t )
0 t t3m ( )
r
02/20/16
62
vC3 (t3m ) VC3 VC VC1 e
vC1 (t1m ) VC1 (VS VC )e
VS
.
.
1
VC VS z
e 1
ez
VC1 VS z
e 1
VC VS VC1
02/20/16
63
Space Vector Modulation

Space Vector Diagram
j
V3
V2
OPO
Active vectors: V1 to V6
(stationary, not rotating)
Zero vector: V0
Six sectors: I to VI
SECTOR
II
SECTOR III
V4
SECTOR I

Vref
V1
PPP
OPP
OOO
POO
V0
SECTOR IV
SECTOR VI
SECTOR V
OOP
V5
02/20/16
PPO
POP
V6
64

Space Vectors
Three-phase voltages
v AO (t ) v BO (t ) vCO (t ) 0
(1)
Two-phase voltages
2
cos
0
cos
v (t )
2
3
v (t )
3 sin 0 sin 2

4
3
4
sin
v AO (t )
v (t )
BO
cos
vCO (t )
(2)
Space vector representation
V (t ) v (t ) j v (t )
(2) (3)
2
V (t ) v AO (t ) e j 0 v BO (t ) e j 2 / 3 vCO (t ) e j 4 / 3
3
02/20/16
jx
where e cos x j sin x
(3)
(4)
65

Space Vectors (Example)
Switching state [POO]
S1, S6 and S2 ON
2
1
v AO (t ) Vd , v BO (t ) Vd
3
3
1
v
(
t
)
Vd
and CO
3
2
V1 Vd e j 0
3
(6)
SECTOR
II
SECTOR III
V4
PPP
OPP
(7)
PPO
SECTOR I

Vref
V1
OOO
POO
V0
SECTOR IV
SECTOR VI
SECTOR V
OOP
V5
02/20/16
V2
OPO
Similarly,
2
j ( k 1)
3
Vk Vd e
3
k 1, 2, ..., 6.
V3
(5) (4)
(5)
POP
V6
66

Active and Zero Vectors
Switching State
(Three Phases)
On-state Switch
[PPP]
S1 , S 3 , S 5
[OOO]
S4 , S6 , S2
V1
[POO]
S1 , S 6 , S 2
V2
[PPO]
S1 , S 3 , S 2
V3
[OPO]
S 4 , S3 , S 2
V4
[OPP]
S 4 , S3 , S5
V5
[OOP]
S4 , S6 , S5
V6
[POP]
S1 , S 6 , S 5
Space Vector
Zero
Vector
Active
Vector
Active Vector: 6
Zero Vector: 1
Redundant switching
states: [PPP] and [OOO]
02/20/16
V0
Vector
Definition
V0 0
2
V1 Vd e j 0
3
2
j
V2 Vd e 3
3
2
2
j
V3 V d e 3
3
3
2
j
V4 V d e 3
3
4
2
j
V5 V d e 3
3
5
2
j
V6 V d e 3
3
67

Reference Vector Vref
Definition
Vref Vref e j
dt
V4
PPP
SECTOR I

Vref
V1
OOO
POO
V0
SECTOR IV
SECTOR VI
SECTOR V
(9)
OOP
V5
02/20/16
PPO
OPP
Angular displacement
(t )
SECTOR
II
SECTOR III
(8)
V2
OPO
Rotating in space at
2 f
V3
POP
V6
68

Relationship Between Vref and VAB
Vref is approximated by two active
and a zero vectors
Vref rotates one revolution,
VAB completes one cycle
Length of Vref corresponds to
magnitude of VAB
02/20/16
69

Dwell Time Calculation
Volt-Second Balancing
Vref Ts V1 Ta V2 Tb V0 T0
Ts Ta Tb T0
(10)
Ta, Tb and T0 dwell times for V1 , V2 and V0

Ts sampling period
Space vectors
2
2
j
j
3
,
and
Vref Vref e , V1 Vd V2 Vd e
V0 0
3
3
(11)
(11) (10)
2
1
Re
:
V
(cos
)
T
V
T
Vd Tb
ref
s
d
a
3
3
Im : Vref (sin ) Ts 1 Vd Tb
3 by www.noteshit.com
02/20/16
Copyright
(12)
70

Dwell Times
Solve (12)
3 Ts Vref
Vd
Ta
3 Ts Vref
Vd
Tb
sin (
)
3
sin
0 /3
(13)
T0 Ts Ta Tb
02/20/16
71

Vref Location versus Dwell Times
V2
Vref
Tb
V2
Ts
SECTOR I
V1
Ta
V1
Ts
V ref
Location
Dwell Times
02/20/16
0
Ta 0
Tb 0
Ta Tb
Ta Tb

6
3
Ta Tb
Ta 0
Tb 0
72

Modulation Index
T
m
sin
(
)
s
a
a
3
Tb Ts ma sin
(15)
T0 Ts Tb Tc
ma
02/20/16
3 Vref
(16)
Vd
73

Modulation Range
j
V3
OPO
Vref,max
SECTOR
II
SECTOR III
2
3 Vd
Vref , max Vd
3
2
3
(17)
V4
PPP
V1
POO
V0
SECTOR V
OOP
SECTOR VI
POP
V6
V5
Modulation range: 0 ma 1
02/20/16
SECTOR I

Vref
OOO
SECTOR IV
(17) (16)
PPO
OPP
ma,max = 1
V2
(18)
74

Switching Sequence Design
Basic Requirement:
Minimize the number of switchings per
sampling period Ts
Implementation:
Transition from one switching state to
the next involves only two switches in
the same inverter leg.
02/20/16
75

Seven-segment Switching Sequence
V0
V1
OOO POO
Selected vectors:
V0, V1 and V2
Dwell times:
Ts = T0 + Ta + Tb
V2
V0
V2
V1
PPO
PPP
PPO
POO OOO
v AN
Vd
vBN
Vd
vCN
0
V0
Vd
T0
4
Ta
2
Tb
2
T0
2
Tb
2
Ta
2
T0
4
Ts
Total number of switchings: 6

02/20/16
76

Undesirable Switching Sequence
Vectors V1 and V2 swapped
V0
V2
OOO PPO
V1
V0
V1
POO
PPP
POO
v AN
V0
PPO OOO
Vd
vBN
Vd
vCN
0
V2
Vd
T0
4
Tb
2
Ta
2
T0
2
Ta
2
Tb
2
T0
4
Ts
Total number of switchings: 10

02/20/16
77

Switching Sequence Summary (7segments)
Sector
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
Switching Sequence
V2
V0
V2
V0
V1
V1
V0
OOO
V0
POO
V3
PPO
V2
PPP
V0
PPO
V2
POO
V3
OOO
V0
OOO
V0
OPO
V3
PPO
V4
PPP
V0
PPO
V4
OPO
V3
OOO
V0
OOO
V0
OPO
V5
OPP
V4
PPP
V0
OPP
V4
OPO
V5
OOO
V0
OOO
V0
OOP
V5
OPP
V6
PPP
V0
OPP
V6
OOP
V5
OOO
V0
OOO
V0
OOP
V1
POP
V6
PPP
V0
POP
V6
OOP
V1
OOO
V0
OOO
POO
POP
PPP
POP
POO
OOO
Note: The switching sequences for the odd and ever sectors are different.
02/20/16
78

Simulated Waveforms
Sector
V
VI
III
II
IV
VI
II
III
IV
v AB
Vd
0
v AO
2Vd / 3
iA
0
f1 = 60Hz, fsw = 900Hz,

02/20/16
ma = 0.696, Ts = 1.1ms
79

Waveforms and FFT
02/20/16
80

Waveforms and FFT (Measured)
02/20/16
81

Waveforms and FFT (Measured)
( f1 60Hz
02/20/16
and
Ts 1 / 720 sec )
82

Even-Order Harmonic Elimination
Type-A sequence
(starts and ends with [OOO])
02/20/16
Type-B sequence
(starts and ends with [PPP])
83

Space vector Diagram

02/20/16
84

Measured waveforms and FFT
02/20/16
85

( f1 60Hz
02/20/16
and
Ts 1 / 720 sec )
86

Five-segment SVM
V0
V1
V2
V1
V0
V0
V2
V1
V2
V0
OOO
POO
PPO
POO
OOO
PPP
PPO
POO
PPO
PPP
Tb
2
T0
2
v AN
Vd
vBN
Vd
Vd
Vd
vCN
0
Vd
T0
2
Ta
2
Tb
Ta
2
T0
2
T0
2
Tb
2
Ts
(a) Sequence A
02/20/16
Ta
Ts
(b) Sequence B
87

Switching Sequence ( 5-segment)
Sector
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
02/20/16
Switching Sequence (A)
V1
V2
V1
V0
V0
OOO
V0
POO
V3
PPO
V2
POO
V3
OOO
V0
OOO
V0
OPO
V3
PPO
V4
OPO
V3
OOO
V0
OOO
V0
OPO
V5
OPP
V4
OPO
V5
OOO
V0
OOO
V0
OOP
V5
OPP
V6
OOP
V5
OOO
V0
OOO
V0
OOP
V1
POP
V6
OOP
V1
OOO
V0
OOO
POO
POP
POO
OOO
vCN 0
vCN 0
v AN 0
v AN 0
v BN 0
v BN 0
88

Simulated Waveforms ( 5-segment)
v g1
2 / 3
vg 3
vg 5
v AB
0
Vd
2
iA
0
f1 = 60Hz, fsw = 600Hz, ma = 0.696, Ts = 1.1ms

No switching for a 120 period per cycle.
Low switching frequency but high harmonic distortion
02/20/16
89

Power Electronics Unit 4

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Power Electronics Unit 4

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UNIT-IV

Quadrant 4: Negative step-up converter

The value of the fundamental, a1=

The harmonic components as a function of phase angle

Three-Phase Bridge Inverters

Three-Phase Bridge Inverters

Three-Phase Bridge Inverters

Three-Phase Bridge Inverters

Three-Phase Bridge Inverters

Three-Phase Bridge Inverters

Three-Phase Bridge Inverters

Three-Phase Bridge Inverters

Three-Phase Bridge Inverters

Three-Phase Bridge Inverters

Three-Phase Bridge Inverters

Three-Phase Bridge Inverters

Three-Phase Bridge Inverters

Three-Phase Bridge Inverters

The transformers secondary phase voltages, vA0, vB0, and vc0

where m is the transformer turns ratio

Three-Phase Bridge Inverters

Three-Phase Bridge Inverters

Three-Phase Bridge Inverters

Note that the triplen harmonics are removed in

PWM Principle (contd)

Sinusoidal PWM (most common)

Sinusoidal PWM (contd)

when va0> vT T+ on; T- off; va0 = Vd

Sinusoidal PWM (contd)

Multiple Pulse-Width Modulation

Generate the gating signal

2 Reference Signals, vr, -vr

Comparing the carrier and reference signals

Comparing the carrier and reference signals

Potential problem if Q1 and Q4 try to turn ON

If we prevent the problem

Output voltage is low when g1 and g4 are both

This composite signal is difficult to generate

Generate the same gate pulses with one

rms output voltage

Where m is the width of the mth pulse

Fourier coefficients of the output voltage

Compare with multiple-pulse case for p=5

Distortion Factor is considerably less

Operation in Mode 1 Fire T1

To find the time when the current is

To find the capacitor voltage, integrate the

vC1 (t ) (Vs VC )e t ( sin r t r cos r t ) / r Vs

The current i1 becomes = 0 @ t=t1m

vC1 (t1m ) VC1 Vs VC e

Operation in Mode 2 T1, T2 Both OFF

Operation in Mode 3 Fire T2

VC1 e t ( sin r t r cos r t )

vC3 (t3m ) VC3 VC VC1 e

vC1 (t1m ) VC1 (VS VC )e

Space Vector Modulation

Space Vector Modulation

Space vector representation

Space Vector Modulation

Space Vector Modulation

Space Vector Modulation

Space Vector Modulation

Space Vector Modulation