Fifth

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Chapter-4
Bending Stress
SFD/BMD
Flexure Formula
Bending Stress in Beam
Bending Stress Distribution

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Introduction

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Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Pure Bending

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

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Other Loading Types

Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which
does not pass through section centroid
produces internal forces equivalent to an
axial force and a couple as shown in
Figure 4.5 (a) and (b).
Transverse Loading: Concentrated or
distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear force
and a couple as shown in Figure 4.6 (a)
and (b).
Principle of Superposition: We will
analyze an eccentric axial loading in a
plane of symmetry by superposing the
stresses due to pure bending and the
stresses due to a centric axial loading.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Symmetric Member in Pure Bending

Internal forces in any cross section are
equivalent to a couple. The couple moment is
the section bending moment. (The figure shows
the positive direction of the bending moment)
From statics, a couple moment (M) consists of
two equal and opposite forces.
The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple.
Since the bending moment M is the same in
any cross-section, the member will bend
uniformly.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Deformations in a Symmetric Member in Pure Bending

For a beam with a plane of symmetry in pure
bending, we notice the followings:
member remains symmetric
bends uniformly to form a circular arc
cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar
length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the upper
and lower surfaces and for which the length does not
change. It intersects a transverse section along a straight
line called the neutral axis of the section.
stresses and strains are negative (compressive) above
the neutral plane and positive (tension) below it for a
positive bending moment.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Strain Due to Bending

= radius of curvature

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Stresses and Deformations in the Elastic Range

For a linearly elastic material,
x E x

y
E m
c

y
m
c

For static equilibrium,

y
Fx 0 x dA m dA
c

0 m y dA
c
0 y dA

This equation shows that the first moment of

the cross section about its neutral axis must be
zero. In other words; for a member subjected
to pure bending, the neutral axis passes
through the centroid of the section (as long as
the stresses remain in the elastic range)

For static equilibrium,

y

M y x dA y m dA
c

I
M m y 2 dA m
c
c
Mc M
(Elastic Flexure Formula)
m

I
S
y
Substituting into x m
c
My
x
I

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Fifth

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Beam Section Properties

The maximum normal stress due to bending,
Mc M

I
S
I centroidal moment of inertia of the section

I
section modulus
c

A beam section with a larger section modulus

will have a lower maximum stress (i.e. it will
be more effective in resisting bending)
Consider a rectangular beam cross section,
I 121 bh 3 1 2 1
S
6 bh 6 Ah
c
h2
Between two beams with the same cross sectional
area, the beam with the greater depth will be more
effective in resisting bending.

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Fifth

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Beam Section Properties - Continued

Structural steel beams are designed to have
a large section modulus for being more
effective in resisting bending.

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Fifth

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Properties of American Standard S Shapes For Structural Steel

where I = Moment of Inertia about centroidal axes, S = Section Modulus and r = Radius of Gyration
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Example 4.01

(250x106 Pa) = 3000 N.m

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Example 4.02

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Sample Problem 4.1

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Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Sample Problem 4.1 - Continued

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Sample Problem 4.2

SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.
Y

yA
A

I x I A d 2

Apply the elastic flexural formula to

find the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses.
m

A cast-iron machine part is acted upon by a

3 kN-m couple. Knowing E = 165 GPa and
neglecting the effects of fillets, determine
(a) the maximum tensile and compressive
stresses,
(b) the radius of curvature.

Mc
I

Calculate the curvature

1 M

EI

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Sample Problem 4.2 - Continued

SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate
the location of the section centroid and
moment of inertia.
Area, mm 2
1 20 90 1800
2 40 30 1200
A 3000

y , mm
50
20

yA, mm3
90 103
24 103
3
yA 114 10

yA 114 10
Y

38 mm
3000
A

121 bh3 A d 2
1 90 203 1800 12 2 1 30 403 1200 182
12
12

I x I A d 2

I 868 103 mm4 868 10-9 m 4

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Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Sample Problem 4.2 - Continued

Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc
I
M c A 3x103 N m 0.022 m
A

I
868 10 9 m 4
M cB
3x103 N m 0.038 m
B

I
868 10 9 m 4

A 76.0 MPa
B 131.3 MPa

Calculate the curvature

1 M
3x103 N m

EI 165x109 Pa 868 10-9 m 4

Alternative Solution:
m=max/E=131.3MPa/(165x103MPa)=0.796x10-3

1
20.95 103 m -1

47.7 m

=c/m=38 mm/(0.796x10-3)=47.7x103 mm=47.7 m

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Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Problem
19

Determine the equivalent concentrated load(s) and external reactions for the
simply supported beam which is subjected to the distributed load as shown.
Assume for given loading there are no horizontal reactions at the supports.

2800 N/m

GE201: Dr. Nazrul Islam

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Fifth

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Solution
20

R1

12000 N

R2

4800 N

5m

2800 N/m

Ay

2m
3m

By

R1 10 1200 12000 N
R2

1
1600 6 4800 N
2

Fy 0 Ay By 12000 4800 0 Ay By 16800

CCW ( ) M A 0 12000 5 4800 8 By 10 0
By 9840 N; Ay 16800 9840 6960 N
GE201: Dr. Nazrul Islam

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02/20/16

Fifth

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Beams-Internal Effects
21

The design of any structural or mechanical member

requires an investigation of both the external loads and
reactions acting on the member and the loading acting
within the member in order to be sure the material can
resist this loading.
How to determine the Internal Loadings:
The internal loadings can be determined using the method of
sections.
The idea is to cut an imaginary section through the member
so that the internal loadings (of interest) at the section
become external on the free body diagram of the section.
Use equations of equilibrium and find the required internal
forces.

GE201: Dr. Nazrul Islam

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02/20/16

Fifth

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Internal forces
22

If the member is subjected to

a coplanar system of forces,
only. N (Normal force), V
(shear force) , and M (bending
moment) act at the section.
Note: N will induce when
applied loading is oblique.

M
N

N: Normal force; V: Shear force; M: Bending moment.

GE201: Dr. Nazrul Islam

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02/20/16

Fifth

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Sign Convention
23

V
N

N
V

The directions shown for N, V and M are in a positive sense. The easy way to
remember this sign convention is to isolate a small segment of the member and
note that:
N
N
Positive normal force tends to elongate the segment.
Positive shear tends to rotate the segment clockwise.

Positive bending moment tends to bend the segment concave upward, so as to

hold water.
M
M
GE201: Dr. Nazrul Islam

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Fifth

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Effect of Bending and Shear

24

GE201: Dr. Nazrul Islam

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Fifth

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Determination of the shear and moment values

25

Calculate all external reactions on the beam.

At the desired section show V and M in positive sense.
Apply equations of equilibrium to get the values of V
and M.

GE201: Dr. Nazrul Islam

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Fifth

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

NOTE
26

The part of the beam which involves the

smaller number of forces, either to the
right or to the left of the arbitrary section,
usually yields the simpler solution.
Avoid using a transverse section that
coincides with the location of a
concentrated load or couple, as such this
position represents a point of discontinuity
in the variation of shear or bending
moment.
GE201: Dr. Nazrul Islam

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02/20/16

Fifth

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Problem-1
27

Determine the shear and moment values in the simple beam at

three sections: 1.5 m, 2.5 m and 4 m from the left support.
4 kN

2 kN/m
2.8 kN.m

A
1m

GE201: Dr. Nazrul Islam

1m

1m

1m

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1m

02/20/16

Fifth

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Solution
28

Reactions:
4 kN

2 kN/m
2.8 kN.m

Ax

Ay

B
1m

1m

1m

1m

1m

By

Fx 0 Ax 0

Fy 0 Ay By 2 1 4 0 Ay By 6
CCW () M A 0 By 5 4 4 (2 1) 2.5 2.8 0
By 3.64 kN Ay 6 3.64 2.36 kN

GE201: Dr. Nazrul Islam

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02/20/16

Fifth

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

SF and BM calculations
29

x 1.5 m

x 2.5 m

2.8 kN.m
A
1.5

2.8 kN.m

2 kN/m

A
2.5

2m

2.36 kN
Fy 0
2.36 V 0
V 2.36 kN
CCW ( )M O 0
M 2.36 1.5 2.8 0
M 0.74 kN.m
GE201: Dr. Nazrul Islam

2.36 kN
Fy 0
2.36 2(2.5 2) V 0
V 1.36 kN
CCW ( )M O 0
M 2.36 2.5 2.8
0.5
2 0.5
0
2
M 2.85 kN.m

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Fifth

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

SF and BM calculations
30

Section just after the point load

Section just before the point load
2.8 kN.m

2.8 kN.m

2 kN/m

A
1m

1m

1m

4m

2 kN/m

M
1m

2.36 kN

1m

4kN

1m

o
4m

2.36 kN
Fy 0

Fy 0

2.36 2 1 V 0
V 0.36 kN

2.36 2 1 4 V 0
V 3.64 kN

CCW ( )M O 0

CCW ( )M O 0

M 2.36 4 2.8 ( 2 1) (4 2.5) 0

M 2.36 4 2.8 (2 1) (4 2.5) 4 0 0

M 3.64 kN.m

M 3.64 kN.m

BM is the same under the point load but SF changes from 0.36 kN to -3.64
kN.

GE201: Dr. Nazrul Islam

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02/20/16

Fifth

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Home Work
31

Determine the shear and moment values in the simple beam at 1.0 m
distance from the left support.
4 kN

2 kN/m
2.8 kN.m

A
1m

GE201: Dr. Nazrul Islam

1m

1m

1m

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1m

02/20/16

Fifth

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Shear-force and Bending-moment diagrams

32

The variation of shear-force and bending

moments plotted against distance along
the beam give the shear-force and
bending moment diagrams for the beam.

GE201: Dr. Nazrul Islam

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Fifth

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Determination of the Shear and Moment

expressions using Method
of Sections
33

Calculate all the external reactions on the beam.

Draw the section (at a distance x) and show V and
M (in positive sense) on the cut portion.
Apply equations of equilibrium to this isolated
portion of the beam to obtain expressions for the
V and M.
Apply above method at a number of sections and
get moment and shear values at all these sections.
Draw the variation of shear and moment values
along the length of the beam keeping in view the
nature of the variation (e.g. line, parabolic etc.).
GE201: Dr. Nazrul Islam

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02/20/16

Fifth

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Problem-2
34

Plot the shear and moment diagrams produced in the

simple beam by the forces shown.
4 kN

2 kN/m
2.8 kN.m

A
1m

GE201: Dr. Nazrul Islam

1m

1m

1m

1m

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Fifth

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Solution
35

Reactions:
4 kN

2 kN/m
2.8 kN.m

Ax

Ay

B
1m

1m

1m

1m

1m

By

Fx 0 Ax 0

Fy 0 Ay By 2 1 4 0 Ay By 6
CCW () M A 0 By 5 4 4 (2 1) 2.5 2.8 0
By 3.64 kN Ay 6 3.64 2.36 kN
GE201: Dr. Nazrul Islam

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02/20/16

Fifth

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Desired sections
36
4 kN

2 kN/m
2.8 kN.m

Ax

0 x 1.0

B
1m

1m

1m

1 x 2.0

1m

1m

3.64 kN

2.36 kN
x

2 x 3.0
3.0 x 4.0

x
x
x

GE201: Dr. Nazrul Islam

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4.0 x 5.0

02/20/16

Fifth

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

SF and BM calculations
37

0 x 1.0

A
x

2.0 x 3.0

1.0 x 2.0
2.8 kN.m

2.36 kN
Fy 0
2.36 V 0
V 2.36 kN (Constant)
CCW ( )M O 0
M 2.36 x 0
M 2.36 x (Linear in x)

2.8 kN.m

A
x

2 kN/m

2.36 kN
Fy 0
2.36 V 0
V 2.36 kN (Constant)
CCW ( )M O 0
M 2.36 x 2.8 0
M 2.8 2.36 x (Linear in x)

x
2m

2.36 kN
Fy 0

2.36 2( x 2) V 0
V 6.36 2 x (Linear in x)
CCW ( )M O 0
M 2.36 x 2.8
( x 2)
2( x 2)
0
2
M x 2 6.36 x 6.8
(parabolic in x)

GE201: Dr. Nazrul Islam

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02/20/16

Fifth

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

SF and BM calculations
38

4.0 x 5.0

3.0 x 4.0

2.36 kN

o
1m

1m

A
1m

1m

1m

1m

Fy 0
2.36 2 1 V 0
V 0.36 (Constant)

CCW ( )M O 0
M 2.36 x 2.8 2 1( x 2.5) 0
M 0.36 x 2.2 (linear in x)

GE201: Dr. Nazrul Islam

V M

2.8 kN.m

2.8 kN.m
A

4 kN

2 kN/m

2 kN/m

1m

o
x

2.36 kN
Fy 0
2.36 2 1 4 V 0
V 3.64 kN (Constant)
CCW ( )M O 0
M 2.36 x 2.8 2 1( x 2.5) 4( x 4) 0
M 3.64 x 18.2 (linear in x)

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Fifth

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

SF and BM calculations (contd.)

39

0 x 1.0

V 2.36 kN (Constant)

1 x 2.0

V 2.36 kN (Constant)

2 x 3.0

M 0.36 x 2.2 (linear in x)

V 0.36 (Constant)

4.0 x 5.0

V 3.64 kN (Constant)
0 x 1.0

SF

M 2.8 2.36 x (Linear in x)

2
V 6.36 2 x (Linear in x) M x 6.36 x 6.8 (parabolic in x)

3.0 x 4.0

M 2.36 x (Linear in x)

.5

1.0

M 3.64 x 18.2 (linear in x)

1.0 x 2.0
1.0

1.5

2.0

2.0 x 3.0
2.0

2.5

3.0

3.0 x 4.0
3.0

3.5

4.0

4.0 x 5.0
4.0

4.5

5.0

2.36

2.36

2.36

2.36

2.36

2.36

2.36

1.36

0.36

0.36

0.36

0.36

-3.64

-3.64

-3.64

1.18

2.36

-0.44

0.74

1.92

1.92

2.85

3.28

3.28

3.46

3.64

3.64

1.82

kN

BM
kNm

GE201: Dr. Nazrul Islam

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Fifth

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Shear force and Bending Moment Diagrams

40

4 kN

2 kN/m
2.8 kN.m
A

B
1m

1m

1m

1m

1m

3.64 kN

2.36 kN
2.36

0.36

SFD

3.64

3.64

3.28

2.36
1.92

BMD
0.44

GE201: Dr. Nazrul Islam

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02/20/16