TYPHOON

Causes And Mechanisms,

Impacts And Effects, And
Mitigation

What is Typhoon?
Tropical Cyclonesthat develops in
the north-western part of thePacific
Ocean between180and100E.
In the Philippines, tropical cyclones
(typhoons) are called bagyo. The
term bagyo, a Filipino word meaning
typhoon arose after a 1911 storm in
the city of Baguio had a record
rainfall of 46 inches within a 24-hour
period.

Typhoons are categorized into five:

Category 1 - Tropical Depression
-sustains winds between 119 and 153
km/hour (km/h). It is the first notable stage
in the formation of a hurricane.(Morakot)
Category 2 - Tropical Storm (TS)
- has winds between 154 and 177 km/h.
-a tropical storm is a system of intense
thunderstorms that progressively
intensifies.
Category 3 - Strong Typhoon
-A strong typhoon is a system of low
pressure and intense winds (between 178
and 209 km/h).(Maemi-South Korea)

 Category 4 - Intense Typhoon (or

Hurricane)
-An intense typhoon sustains
high winds of 210 to 249 km/h
and is classified as a category-5
storm, which carries the highest
element of risk.
Category 5 - Violent Typhoon
-A violent typhoon is
characterized by winds exceeding
249 km/h.

 Variability in Activity
On an annual time scale, activity
reaches a minimum in February,
before increasing steadily
through June, and spiking from
July through October, with
September being the most active
month for tropical cyclones in the
Philippines. Activity falls off
significantly in November.

List of Philippine Typhoon

(1970-2011)
Name

Period
of
occurre
nce

Deaths

Damage
(in
billion)

Highest
wind
speed in
kph

Areas most
affected

Sening
(Joan)

October
1115,1970

768

10.7

280

Bicol region,
Calabarzon

Herming
(betty)

August
o7-14,
1987

94

39.9

260

Samar, Bicol
Region

Ruping
(Mike)

Novembe 748
r 10-14,
1990

18.2

285

Cebu

Harurot
(Imbudo)

July 1324,2003

64

3.87

240

Cagayan
Valley, CAR,
Ilocos region

Unding
(Muifa)

Novembe 69
r 1426,2004

3.87

240

Bicol Region,
MIMAROPA

Milenyo (Xangsane)-2006
Frank (Fengshen) 2008
Ondoy (Ketsana) 2009
Bebeng (Aere) 2011
Ambo (Mawar) 2012

These are the ff. typhoons hits in the

Philippines (2012)

AMBO
BUTCHOY
COSME
DINDO
ENTENG
FRANK
GENER
HELEN
IGME
SIONY
TONYO
YOYONG
ZOSIMO

JULIAN
KAREN
LAWIN
MARCE
NINA
OFEL
PABLO
QUINTA
ROLLY
ULYSSES
VICKY
WARREN

CAUSES OF TYPHOON
TRANSFORMATION

Pre-conditions
and Conditions of

PRE-CONDITIONS OF
TYPHOON
FORMATION

MONSOON
TROUGH
This is an extension
of the Inter- Tropical
Convergence Zone
where cyclonic spin
has developed. The
ITCZ is a trough is a
low pressure created
by the convergence
of the northeast and
southeast trade
winds.

TROPICAL
UPPER
TROPOSPHERI
C TROUGH
The typical
low pressure
center that
forms a typhoon
starts at the
lower levels and
is warm
compared to its
environment.

FRONT
Stall over tropical
water.
A front has a
cyclonic spin
associated with it.
If winds aloft
become favorable
with little wind
shear, showers
and storms could
become more
numerous and
cause a typhoon
to form.

MESOSCALE
CONVECTIVE
SYSTEM
These organized
clusters of storms
can move off a
continental
landmass and drift
over warm waters. If
they already contain
a small vortex in the
cluster, this may
make to region even
more favorable for
tropical cyclone
development.

7 BASINS WHERE TROPICAL CYCLONE

DEVELOPS
NORTH ATLANTIC
EASTERN NORTH
OCEAN
PACIFIC OCEAN
June 1- November 30.
May 15 - November
The most active
30. This is the second
period runs from
most active region for
about mid August
tropical cyclones in
through the latter part
the world. These
of October.
storms mostly move
into the open eastern
( Caribbean, Bermuda,
Pacific Ocean but can
Central America etc.)
affect western Mexico
and sometimes after
developing, Hawaii.

 ARABIAN SEA
( Severe Cyclonic
Storm)
April 1 - December 30.
This basin has a double
maximum because of
the monsoon trough
moving through at two
different times of the
year.
SOUTHWEST PACIFIC
OCEAN (STC)
October 15 - May 1.
These tropical cyclones
may affect eastern
Australia.

NORTHWEST
PACIFIC
OCEAN(Typhoon)
All year. This is the
most active basin in
the world. Most
typhoons form
between July through
November. The tropical
cyclones that form
here can affect the
Philippines, Southeast
Asia including China
and Taiwan, and Japan.

 SOUTHEAST INDEAN
OCEAN ( STC)
October 15 - May.
These tropical
cyclones may affect
northern and western
Australia. This basin
has a double
maximum in mid
January, and mid
February through
early March.

SOUTHWEST INDIAN
OCEAN ( TC)
October 15 - May 15.
These tropical
cyclones may affect
Madagascar and
south-eastern Africa.
A double maximum
occurs in mid January
and mid February
through early March.

THE LIFE OF A TYPHOON

THE FOUR STAGES OF THE
LIFE OF A TYPHOON

FORMATIVE
STAGE
IMMATURE STAGE
MATURE STAGE
DECAYING STAGE

EFFECTS OF
TYPHOON

BUILDINGS AND
INFRASTRUCTURE

The two most destructive

forces associated with
typhoons are wind and rain.
According to the Green Fun
website, typhoon winds can
affect buildings and other
structures in two ways:
through direct force and
through projectiles. The
heavy and persistent rainfall
that typhoons bring can also
have devastating effects. In
addition to making homes
uninhabitable, the flooding
associated with typhoons
can make roads impassable,
which can cripple rescue
and aid efforts.

TREES AND VEGETATION

WATERCRAFT AND WATER

OPERATIONS

L
I
F
E

ECONOMICAL EFFECTS
Different countries experience different types of
natural calamities. US are known for
experiencing devastating hurricanes while
Japan is prone to earthquakes and tsunamis.
The Philippines, on the other hand, has had its
fair share of typhoons and tropical storms.
Aside from Ondoy, our country has experienced
several devastating typhoons. In the table
below, we summarize some of the most
financially-damaging typhoons that our country
has dealt with

EFFECT ON THE STOCK

MARKET
Aside from the economic effects of
typhoons and floods, we also want to
show the effect of natural disasters on
the stock market. A few days after
typhoons Milenyo and Ondoy, the PSE
Index was slightly down compared to
where it was before the typhoons
occurred. Similarly, the PSE Index is down
0.4 percent, on lethargic trading, three
days after the peak of the recent rains
and floods.

IMPACTS
FISCAL
IMPACTS

Natural disasters can have

important implications for public
finance. Disasters are likely to
result in additional expenditure
and/or the partial reallocation of
already committed financial
resources, with implications for
planned investment and other
expenditures. Public revenue may
also decline as levels of economic
activity fall. In consequence, a
government may face increasing
budgetary pressures which could
in turn increase levels of domestic
and/or external borrowing or
increasing the money supply,
each, in turn, with potentially
significant knock-on effects
(Benson and Clay, 2003).

M
I
T
I
G
A
T
I
O
N

 Know your enemy:

hazards and their
effects
Identifying which these
arethe elements most
at riskindicates
priorities for
mitigation.
Vulnerability
Tools, powers and
budgets.
PRECAUTIONARY
MEASURES
Natural Disaster
Reduction Assessment

POLICIES
Suspension of Classes,
Work and Activities
during Typhoons
DepEd Order No. 28 series
of 2005: GUIDELINES ON
THE SUSPENSION OF
CLASSES WHEN
TYPHOONS AND OTHER
CALAMITIES OCCUR.
DEPED Order No. 50 s.
2007 with NDCC
Memorandum No.7 s.
2006.
Philippine Storm SIGNAL
WARNINGS (PSWS)

CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION
Naturaldisasters, both natural and manmade, can and
will occur, often with little or no warning. It has
tremendous effect not only physically but also on the
mental aspect of an individual especially the younger
ones. Disasters often strike without warning and cause
damages that limit or prevent an adequate response.
We have to commit ourselves to understanding these
hazards and to applying techniques that reduce our
vulnerability. We need to explore the feasibility of
concerted scientific and engineering efforts in reducing
the loss of life and property through programs of public
education and of effective early warning system. The
development of warning systems with adequate range
of monitoring instruments for the purpose of collecting
necessary data and information for disaster evaluation
is necessary for establishing relative potential risks.

 The development of warning systems with

adequate range of monitoring instruments for
the purpose of collecting necessary data and
information for disaster evaluation is necessary
for establishing relative potential risks.
Communicate knowledge for people to be
aware and get prepared on these hazards.
Through public education, introduce
precautionary measures to have public
awareness on preparedness against these
natural hazards. Disasters are inevitable,
predictable, and expected; we must be ready to
face them. The time has come to fully develop
technology for convenient and immediate
dissemination of warning system to the public.