Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Management
Supplement 10
Work Measurement
PowerPoint presentation to accompany
Heizer/Render
Principles of Operations Management, 7e
Operations Management, 9e
2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.
S10 1
Outline
Labor Standards and Work
Measurement
Historical Experience
Time Studies
Predetermined Time
Standards
Work Sampling
2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.
S10 2
Learning Objectives
When you complete this supplement
you should be able to:
Identify four ways of establishing labor
standards
Compute the normal and standard
times in a time study
Find the proper sample size for a time
study
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Learning Objectives
When you complete this supplement
you should be able to:
Explain how predetermined time
standards and TMUs are used in work
measurement
Apply the five steps of work sampling
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Labor Standards
May be set in four ways:
1. Historical experience
2. Time studies
3. Predetermined time standards
4. Work sampling
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Historical Experience
How the task was performed last
time
Easy and inexpensive
Data available from production
records or time cards
Data is not objective and may be
inaccurate
Not recommended
2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.
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Time Studies
Involves timing a sample of a
workers performance and using it
to set a standard
Requires trained and experienced
observers
Cannot be set before the work is
performed
2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.
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Time Studies
1. Define the task to be studied
2. Divide the task into precise
elements
3. Decide how many times to measure
the task
4. Time and record element times and
rating of performance
2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.
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Time Studies
5. Compute average observed time
Average
observed
time
x Performance
rating factor
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Time Studies
7. Add the normal times for each
element to develop the total normal
time for the task
8. Compute the standard time
Total normal time
Standard time =
1 - Allowance factor
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Rest Allowances
Personal time allowance
4% - 7% of total time for use of
restroom, water fountain, etc.
Delay allowance
Based upon actual delays that occur
Fatigue allowance
Based on our knowledge of human
energy expenditure
2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.
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Rest Allowances
1. Constant allowance
(A) Personal allowance ...
(B) Basic fatigue allowance
2. Variable allowances:
(A) Standing allowance
(B) Abnormal position
(i) Awkward (bending)
(ii) Very awkward (lying,
stretching)
Figure S10.1
2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.
5
4
2
2
7
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Rest Allowances
(C) Use of force or muscular energy in
lifting, pulling, pushing
Weight lifted (pounds)
20 3
40. 9
60. 17
(D) Bad light:
(i) Well below recommended. 2
(ii) Quite inadequate. 5
Figure S10.1
2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.
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Rest Allowances
(E) Atmospheric conditions
(heat and humidity) 0-10
(F) Close attention:
(i) Fine or exacting.. 2
(ii) Very fine or very exacting 5
(G) Noise level:
(i) Intermittentloud.. 2
(ii) Intermittentvery loud
or high-pitched... 5
Figure S10.1
2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.
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Rest Allowances
(H) Mental strain:
(i) Complex or wide span
of attention...
(ii) Very complex..
(I) Tediousness:
(i) Tedious..
(ii) Very tedious.
4
8
2
5
Figure S10.1
2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.
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Performance
Rating
Job Element
10
21*
11
120%
105%
5*
110%
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15.36
=
= 18.07 minutes
1 - .15
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h
=
accuracy level desired in
percent of the job element expressed as
a decimal
z
=
number of standard
deviations required for the desired level
of confidence
s
=
standard deviation of the
initial sample
x
=
mean of the initial sample
S10 23
Confidence
(%)
h
=
accuracy1.65
level desired in
percent of the job element expressed as
95.0
1.96
a decimal
95.45
z
=
number 2.00
of standard
99.0
deviations required 2.58
for the desired level
99.73
3.00
of confidence
s
=
standard deviation of
the
Table S10.1
initial sample
x
=
mean of the initial sample
h
90.0
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1.96 x 1.0
n=
.05 x 3
2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.
= 170.74 171
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(xi - x)2
n-1
New Tools
With PDA software, you can study
elements, time, performance rate, and
statistical confidence intervals can be
created,
edited,
managed,
and logged
Reduces or
eliminates
the need
for data entry
2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.
S10 27
Predetermined Time
Standards
Divide manual work into small basic
elements that have established times
Can be done in a laboratory away from
the actual production operation
Can be set before
the work is actually
performed
No performance
ratings are necessary
2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.
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MTM Table
Figure S10.2
2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.
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MTM Example
Weight - less than 2 pounds
Conditions of GET - easy
Place accuracy - approximate
Distance range - 8 to 20 inches
Element Description
Element
Time
AA2
35
AA2
35
AD2
45
PT
83
PC2
40
Pour (3 seconds)
Place tubes in rack (simo)
Total TMU
238
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Work Sampling
Estimates percent of time a worker
spends on various tasks
Requires random observations to
record worker activity
Determines how employees allocate
their time
Can be used to set staffing levels,
reassign duties, estimate costs, and
set delay allowances
2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.
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Work Sampling
Advantages of work sampling
Less expensive than time study
Observers need little training
Studies can be delayed or interrupted
with little impact on results
Worker has little
chance to affect
results
Less intrusive
2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.
S10 32
Work Sampling
Disadvantages of work sampling
Does not divide work elements as
completely as time study
Can yield biased results if observer
does not follow random pattern
Less accurate, especially when
job element times are short
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Work Sampling
1. Take a preliminary sample to obtain
estimates of parameter values
2. Compute the sample size required
3. Prepare a schedule for random
observations at appropriate times
4. Observe and record worker activities
5. Determine how workers spend their
time
2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.
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Work Sampling
Determining the sample size
z2 p(1 - p)
n=
h2
where
n =
required sample size
z =
standard normal deviate
for desired confidence level
p =
estimated value of
sample proportion
h =
acceptable error level in
percent
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n=
2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.
n
=
required sample size
z
=
2 for a 95.45% confidence
level
p
=
estimate of idle proportion
= 25% = .25
(2)2 (.25)(.75)
h
=
acceptable error of 3% = .
= 833 observations
03 2
(.03)
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Activity
On the phone or meeting with a welfare client
126
Idle
62
Personal time
23
137
833
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Telephone
sales
12%
Telephone
within firm
13%
Figure S10.3
2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.
Sales in Travel
person
20%
20%
Paperwork
17%
Lunch and
personal
10%
Meetings
and other
8%
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Assembly-Line
Employees
Unscheduled tasks
and downtime
4%
Cleanup
3%
Figure S10.3
2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.
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