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Ä  
 '
_|! ( , also known as
O   , is the study of rates
of chemical processes.
_|! (  includes
investigations of how different
experimental conditions can influence
the speed of a chemical reaction.
Ä  IS g| g ?

_he   or  &


  for a reactant or product
in a particular reaction is
intuitively defined as how fast a
reaction takes place.
Ä D Y 
)g I?
_ he   *  or  + is a
`
`  O  used in chemical
kinetics to link the  &  to
the  & ! . It is
of the kind:
_ (, - is the reaction rate coefficient or O 
 
_  and  are the 9O representing the
reactants.
_ he  @  are called
reaction orders and ˜ ˜

O ` 
 `
dg| | 
 is the step by step
sequence of elementary reactions by which overall
chemical change occurs.
S  g.) 
.
_ ¢or P  the O   can also be expressed in
pressure units using e.g. the ideal gas law.
_ y `
O  
`  
for the system in which the reaction occurs, an
expression for the rate of change in
concentration can be derived. ¢or a closed
system with constant volume such an
expression can look like:
_ ach reaction rate coefficient k has a
temperature dependency, which is usually given
by the !   * :

_ he pressure dependence of the rate constant is


  ˜

99 ` .
Ä  ¢¢S g| g ?

_ here are several factors affecting the rate


of the reaction, namely:
d  )g$g| 

d || g 
d %g )g
d
)g$|g
d | /

.
 )
g 
_ In our previous experiment, we have
experienced first hand how the hO 
 ˜ O  Ohh 
O   h

O  h
   we have
encountered.
_ „et us take a trip back to what we did, and
this time we will look unto the concepts
deeper.
 )g$g| 

 „
I
.
_ here are several properties that affect the nature of the
reactants. hese are state of matter, bond type and bond
strength. In states of matter, gas reacts faster than liquids and
solid and aqueous solutions react faster than any state of
matter. In terms of bond type, reactions involving 
  ˜ O ˜h  O
O  9 9
`  O` ˜ . „astly, reactions involving the breaking
of weaker bonds proceed faster than reactions Involving the
breaking of stronger bonds.
_ In this case,
a22 is a strong reducing agent because
the bond strength of
a22 is weaker than 22 therefore
it is easier to break. hus, 

 h O h  O 
 
gS„S

g 0g $



%%g|
g  P P  $%|g$

) 
,& 1+ -

a22 ¢aster
22 Slower
|| g 
2% 
_ It is evident that the higher the
concentration is, the faster it can dissolve
a substance. hus,
_ | OhO  ˜O  
O O 
` hO  



O
 Oh
O 

`O `  O  O ˜

`O hO   
 ˜ ˜`O 
O   
`O 
gS„S

|| g  , -


$ |
6 6
3
 3
%g )g
2% 
_ In this case, it is 9 O ` O
O ˜h

 O. he higher the
temperature, the faster it dissolves
substances. hus,
_ V  



O
 ` OO 

h  O
O 
    
O 
 ` OO O  

O O O  
` O˜
 Oh
    `  
gS„

%g )g  , -


,3|-
20 39
0 2
60 .59

)g$|g
2% 
_ In what we have seen, the smaller particles are,
the easier they are to be dissolved. his is due
to the fact that ` O O 
9  O O
Oh O  where the reacting agent can
penetrate the substance more efficiently. hus,
_ 
O  O Oh O O O    O
9 ` h
      ˜` 
`O 


OO 
 
9
h  O
O h
O 
gS„

 $
 g 0 g 

)
| $0) 
$)

owdered ¢aster
Granulated Slower
| /

2% 
_ Äe have seen that adding a substance
can serve as a   
 ` 

O h  O. In this case, the n2
served as the catalyst that made the
reaction faster. hus,
_  4 is a substance that accelerates
the rate of a chemical reaction but O ` 

` 
 ˜h OO˜ 
gS„

.)
)  g 0g 
$0) 
$5 

Äithout n2 Slower


Äith n2 ¢aster
Ä g$g||)  6

_ here are &&  & that


affect the speed of reaction. Y
O
 ` OO 

O O
O  O Oh O O h
O ˜   O˜ 
h  OO .
_nd all of these are part of the study
of | | |
.

%
 Äg% )%
_
ow we know what we did, its
concept, and the science behind
all of it.
_ ope you learned g about
 gI

. .
_ ¢arewell.
_ /)789

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