Processing Flow

Schlumberger Private

DP START Houston
2007

Data Processing Overview

The objectives of data processing may be summarized as :
To produce seismic cross-section representative of geology

To meet the exploration objectives of the client

DP START Houston
2007

Schlumberger Private

To enhance the signal and reject the noise

The Sequence of Events

Raw shot records
(with some amplitude compensation applied)

What do we start with in Data

Processing?

How do we get here?

DP START Houston
2007

Schlumberger Private

Final migrated section

Project Planning
Before any processing can take place, we need to:
Internal project meeting
Client meeting - determine objectives etc
Perform inventory check
Produce testing plan
Project set-up - resource allocation etc

DP START Houston
2007

Schlumberger Private

Data Processing - In the beginning.

Data processing will usually commence with the receipt of the
following (or part thereof) :

Tape containing recorded seismic data (trace sequential or

multiplexed)
Observer logs/reports
Field Geophysicist logs/reports and listings
Navigation/survey data
Field Q.C. displays
Contractual requirements

DP START Houston
2007

Schlumberger Private

New Data:

Data Processing - In the beginning.

Re-Processing:
(usually).
Contractual requirements

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2007

Schlumberger Private

Tape containing recorded seismic data with geometry applied

Reformat
Processing Sequence
Reformat

How the data is arranged and

stored.

This will usually follow an

Industry standard convention.
e.g. SEGD, SEGY for
magnetic media

DP START Houston
2007

Schlumberger Private

Data Format defines:

Data Processing - raw shot data

Data corresponding to one shot (located somewhere on the earth) which was recorded into 96
(only data from 1-93 shown on plot) different receivers (also located somewhere on earth!)

Linear noise e.g. direct arrivals

Reflection - hyperbolic

Loss of amplitude with

time
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2007

Loss of frequencies with

time

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Time zero ref.

i.e. reference
is time when
shot fired

Geometry Definition
Where are the shots
and receivers located ?

Processing Sequence
Reformat

Geometry definition

Important values for data processing are

source receiver OFFSETS!

DP START Houston
2007

Schlumberger Private

Field Static Corrections

What if the surface
elevation changes ?

Processing Sequence
Reformat

datum

Field Static corrections

(land, shallow water, transition zone)

i.e. remove the difference

in travel time caused by
shots and receivers being at
different elevations
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2007

Schlumberger Private

Geometry definition

Amplitude Recovery
Wheres all the source
energy gone ?

Processing Sequence
Reformat
Field Static corrections
(land, shallow water, transition zone)

Amplitude recovery

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2007

Geometric spreading, absorption etc

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Geometry definition

Noise Attenuation
How to remove noise?

Processing Sequence
Reformat
Field Static corrections
(land, shallow water, transition zone)

Amplitude recovery
Noise Attenuation

Despike, K-filtering, AAA .

DP START Houston
2007

Schlumberger Private

Geometry definition

Deconvolution (An inverse of filtering process )

How to improve the
vertical resolution?

Processing Sequence
Reformat
Field Static corrections
(land, shallow water, transition zone)

Amplitude recovery
Noise Attenuation
Deconvolution

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2007

Compensate for the filtering effects

of the earth etc

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Geometry definition

CMP Gather
How to order the data?

Processing Sequence
Reformat
Field Static corrections
(land, shallow water, transition zone)

Amplitude recovery
Noise Attenuation
Deconvolution
CMP gather
Some processes must be carried out in the
CMP domain
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2007

Multiple Coverage Acquisition techniques

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Geometry definition

Velocity Analysis
How to compute a
better velocity field?

Processing Sequence
Reformat
Field Static corrections
(land, shallow water, transition zone)

Amplitude recovery
Noise Attenuation
Deconvolution
CMP gather
Velocity Analysis
DP START Houston
2007

Schlumberger Private

Geometry definition

How to remove false

reflections?

Demultiple
Processing Sequence
Reformat

time

Field Static corrections

(land, shallow water, transition zone)

Amplitude recovery
Noise Attenuation
Deconvolution

CMP gather
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2007

CMP gather
Velocity Analysis
Demultiple (marine)

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offset

Geometry definition

NMO Correction
How to correct for time
differences due to offset
within the CMP?

Processing Sequence
Reformat

time

Geometry definition
time difference
due to offset

Field Static corrections

(land, shallow water, transition zone)

Amplitude recovery
Noise Attenuation
Deconvolution

CMP gather
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2007

CMP gather
Velocity Analysis
Demultiple (marine)
NMO correction

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offset

DMO Correction
Do the reflections all come
from a single point?

Reformat
Geometry definition
Field Static corrections
(land, shallow water, transition zone)

Amplitude recovery
Noise Attenuation

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2007

Deconvolution
CMP gather
Velocity Analysis
Demultiple (marine)
NMO Correction
DMO Correction

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midpoint

Processing Sequence

CMP Stack
How to reduce the
number of traces?

Processing Sequence

(land, shallow water, transition zone)

Amplitude recovery
Noise Attenuation
Deconvolution
CMP gather
Velocity Analysis
Demultiple (marine)
NMO Correction
DMO Correction
CMP stack
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2007

Schlumberger Private

Reformat
Geometry definition
Field Static corrections

Migration
Do the reflections all come
from vertically below?

midpoints

Processing Sequence

(land, shallow water, transition zone)

Amplitude recovery
Noise Attenuation

DP START Houston
2007

Deconvolution
CMP gather
Velocity Analysis
Demultiple (marine)
NMO Correction
DMO Correction
CMP stack
Migration

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Reformat
Geometry definition
Field Static corrections

Pre Stack migration (2D marine)

Field data in
Define positions and relationships
Energy spreading corrections

Amplitude recovery

Low-cut / velocity filtering

Noise rejection

Wavelet compression / demultiple

SHOT SORTED
CMP SORTED

OFFSET SORTED

Signature Decon.

Deconvolution

Data re-ordering

CMP gather

Removing multiples

Demultiple

Velocity Analysis

Comp. Migr. Vels

Near/far offset noise removal

Mute

Possible additional velocity Analysis

Migration

Summing traces within a cmp

Stack

Lowcut / highcut / signal enhance

Filtering

Time variant amplitude balancing

Amplitude scaling

Cosmetic plotting test:bias/gain

Final products

STACK SORTED

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Remove source wavelet from data

DP START Houston
2007

Geometry

Processing Sequence (3D marine - Post

Stack Time Migration)
Field data QC & edit
Temporal resample
QC navigation data and select
binning strategy

Nav./seismic merge
2:1 data reduction

Apply automatic field edits

Optional
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Amplitude recovery

As early as possible!

QC shot data

Noise rejection
Signature Decon.

For Shallow water.

For Depth Water we use INVQ or nothing

Deconvolution
Initial velocity field
Demultiple

Optional

Second velocity field

DMO on velocity lines
NMO correction
3D DMO & Stack

DP START Houston
2007

Migration

Time variant filtering

Time variant scaling

final products

Processing Sequence (3D marine Pre Stack Time Migration)

Field data QC & edit
Temporal resample
QC navigation data and select
binning strategy

Nav./seismic merge
2:1 data reduction

Apply automatic field edits

Optional
QC shot data

Noise rejection
Signature Decon.

For Shallow water.

Deconvolution

For Depth Water we use INVQ or nothing

Initial velocity field

Demultiple
Kirchhoff Migration

Pre Stack Migration

Migration Vel Lines

Final Mig velocity analysis

Final Stacking Vel. Analysis

Stacking
Time variant filtering
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2007

Time variant scaling

final products

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Amplitude recovery

As early as possible!

Processing Sequence (2D land)

Basic Processes
Field data in
Geometry
Field statics
Amplitude recovery
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Noise rejection
Deconvolution
CMP gather
NMO correction
Residual statics
Mute
2D DMO & Stack
Migration
Filtering
Amplitude scaling
DP START Houston
2007

Final products

loop
Initial velocity field
2D DMO
Final velocity field

Summary
Virtually all processing projects will require the following:

DP START Houston
2007

Schlumberger Private

Accurate locating of shots and receivers and their relationship

Time-correction to a known datum (land, shallow water, transition zone)
Amplitude recovery
Noise attenuation
Signal enhancement
Cmp gathering
Demultiple (marine)
Normal move-out correction (including muting any noise introduced)
Residual time-corrections (land data)
Correction for smearing within a cmp - dip-moveout correction (for post stack
migration processing)
Data reduction - stacking
Repositioning / imaging - Migration

Depth Conversion
Velocity analysis of seismic and log data, timedepth conversion of seismic profile and
isochronous maps
Sonda 50 P
0m

0.2 0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

1.8

2.0

2t(sec)

Pleistocen
Pliocen

400
Top Sa

S-M

S-SHST

1200

Top K2

Miocen Superior
Miocene Mediu
Oligocen-Miocen Inferior

2000

Top K1

S-I

Top J2

S1

Cretaceous-Eocene
Cretacic Inferior
Fundament

4000
Top J1
h(m)

Time/Depth chart
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2007

Wells projected on seismic line

using depth to time conversion

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800