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HIGHWAY

GEOMETRIC
DESIGN
6.0. EARTHWORK
COMPUTATIONS

6.1. INTRODUCTION
Earthworks

Earthworks

are done to reshape the


topography/existing terrain to achieve required
road design levels
Involve cutting and filling
Cutting

involves excavating earth material


from a given location to achieve desired
levels/grades
Filling involves moving excavated
material/additional earth material to a given
location to achieve desired levels/grades
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are engineering works that result


from moving and/or processing of large
amounts earth material (soil or rock)

6.1. INTRODUCTION
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6.1. INTRODUCTION
Applications

of Earthworks :

works
Railways
Irrigation projects (dams, canals, etc)
etc

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Road

Earthworks

constitute a large & costly item


of many road projects
Need

to determine earthwork quantities


involved in a given road project
Distance through materials will be moved
(haulage distance)
Unit of calculation: m3

6.2. EARTHWORK COMPUTATIONSAREAS


Areas

are determined first

area is based on cross-sections


which are in turn based on field data collected
during detailed survey of proposed
route/highway/road

a).

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Calculated

Areas from triangle:

Area,

A = (base, B x height of triangle, H);


height of triangle is measured perpendicular to
its base

6.2. EARTHWORK COMPUTATIONSAREAS


a).

Areas from triangle:


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A S S a S b S c

OR:

where : a, b, c are lengths of the sides of the triangle


S

OR:

1
a b c
2

1
ab Sin C
2
where : C angle between side lengths a & b.

C
b

6.2. EARTHWORK COMPUTATIONSAREAS


b).

Cross coordinate method:

coordinates of the cross-section are used to


compute the area

North

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Standard

coordinates of a given point are multiplied with


east coordinates for the next point moving clockwise
across the figure, & summation of products done
(X1)
East coordinates of a given point are multiplied with
north coordinates for the next point moving clockwise
across the figure, & summation of products done (X2)
Difference: X1- X2 = 2 (Area required)
2xArea = (N1E2 + N2E3 + N3E4 +........+ NN-1EN+ NNE1) 7
(E1N2 + E2N3 + E3N4 +........+ EN-1NN+ ENN1)

6.2. EARTHWORK COMPUTATIONSAREAS


b).

Cross coordinate method:


N

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B (E2, N2)

C(E3, N3)

N 1)
,
(E 1

Area

of ABC = Area of ABQP + Area of BCRQ


Area of ACRP
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6.2. EARTHWORK COMPUTATIONSAREAS


b).

Cross coordinate method:


N

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B (E2, N2)

C(E3, N3)

N 1)
,
(E 1

Area
Area

of

1
ABQP:2 N1 N 2 E 2 - E1

of

1
N 2 N 3 E 3 - E 2
BCRQ:
2

6.2. EARTHWORK COMPUTATIONSAREAS


b).

Cross coordinate method:


N

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B (E2, N2)

C(E3, N3)

N 1)
,
(E 1

Area

of ACRP

1
:2 N1 N 3 E 3 - E1
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6.2. EARTHWORK COMPUTATIONSAREAS


b).

Cross coordinate method:


N

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B (E2, N2)

C(E3, N3)

N 1)
,
(E 1

Area

of ABC = Area of ABQP + Area of BCRQ


2xArea of ABC N1 N 2 E 2 - E1 N 2 N 3 E 3 - E 2 N1 N 3 E 3 - E1
Area of ACRP
Expanding out :

N1E 2 N1 E1 N 2 E 2 N 2 E1 N 2 E 3 N 2 E 2 N 3 E 3 N 3 E 2 N1E 3 N1E 1 N 3 E 3 N 3 E 1


N1E 2 N 2 E 3 N 3 E1 N 2 E 1 N 3 E 2 N1 E 3
Thus generally :

N1E 2 N 2 E 3 N 3 E 4 ..... N N-1E N N N E1 E1 N 2 E 2 N 3 .... E N-1 N N E N N1

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6.2. EARTHWORK COMPUTATIONSAREAS


c).

Graphical method:

& parts of squares covering a given


cross section are counted
Given the plan scale, area per square is
computed & hence total area can be computed
A squared paper is laid over the cross section
d).

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Squares

Trapezoidal rule

Assumption:

if interval between offsets is small,


the boundary can be estimated to a straight
line between offsets
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6.2. EARTHWORK COMPUTATIONSAREAS


d).

Trapezoidal rule
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Generally,
A
ON

area A:

L
O1 O N 2 O 2 O 3 O 4 .... O N1
2
offsets
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6.2. EARTHWORK COMPUTATIONSAREAS


e).

Simpsons rule

Boundary consists of series of


parabolic arcs instead of straight lines

Offsets

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Assumption:

are considered in sets of three

L
O1 4O 2 O 3 ,
3
L
A 3 A 4 O 3 4O 4 O 5
3
A1 A 2

Generally,

area A =L/3(O1+ON+4even
offsets+2 remaining odd offsets), N= number
of offsets.
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6.2. EARTHWORK COMPUTATIONSAREAS


f).

Planimeter

device for determining areas for


irregular plane figures
Consists of a tracing point,
measuring/integrating unit & a pole block
Area is obtained when tracing point is moved
around perimeter of the figure in a clockwise
direction

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Mechanical

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PLANIMETE
R:
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6.3. EARTHWORK COMPUTATIONSVOLUMES


a).

End area method (Average end area):

sections are taken at fixed interval, L


If areas at the two ends of the length being A 1 &
A2

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Cross

A1 A 2
2

Average
Volume
If

area:

L A1 A 2
2

of earthworks:

L A 2 A 3 sections,
L A 3 A 4
L A1 A
L A ntotal
2
1 A n volume:
there
are
then
n cross

......

2
2
2
Can be further simplified to :
L
A1 2A 2 2A 3 2A 4 ..... 2A n-1 A n
2

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6.3. EARTHWORK COMPUTATIONSVOLUMES

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Calculate the area between two end areas,


100 ft apart

h
a b
2
a 2ft, b 2 (1.5x2) 2 3 5ft
3
A1 2 5 1.5x7 10.5ft 2
2
Similary, A 2 :
A1

h
a b
2
a 2ft, b 2 (1.0x2) 2 2 4ft
2
A 2 2 4 6ft 2
2
A2

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6.3. EARTHWORK COMPUTATIONSVOLUMES

Thus, Volume, V

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Calculate the area between two end areas,


100 ft apart

L
A1 A 2 100 10.5 6 825ft 3
2
2
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6.3. EARTHWORK COMPUTATIONSVOLUMES


b).

Prismoidal formula

between a series of cross sections at


fixed interval, L is approximated to a volume of
a prismoid
Prismoid= a solid figure with plane parallel ends
& plane sides

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Volume

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6.3. EARTHWORK COMPUTATIONSVOLUMES


b).

Prismoidal formula

If

3 cross sections:

L
A4, A5 were added then:
V35 A 3 4A 4 A 5
3

Volume
In

L
A1 4A 2 A 3
3

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For

V13

L
for 1 to 5 sections:
V A
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4A 2 2A 3 4A 4 A 5

general total volume:


V

L
A1 A n 4 even areas 2 remaining odd areas
3

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6.4. MASS HAUL DIAGRAM


Graphical

Diagram

gives:

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representation of amount of earth to


be cut & filled along a proposed route
Balance points
Direction of movement of earth (haul) & length of
haul
Amount of earth to be hauled from one location to
another

Bulking

& shrinkage of materials

Some materials increase in volume when excavated &


compacted (bulking)
Others (gravel, clay) decrease in volume (shrinkage)
Need to adjust volumes for bulking & shrinkage
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Typical values: Rock 1.3 (bulking); sand, clay- 0.9
(shrinkage)

6.4. MASS HAUL DIAGRAM


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Cut
Fill

Borrow

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6.4. MASS HAUL DIAGRAM


In

general:

volume of excavation for a given cut


Fill volume of material to be added to an
existing terrain to achieve desired level
Waste volume of material that is required
to be hauled off site
Borrow volume of material that is
required to be brought on site to meet fill
deficit
Within a cut, the curve rises from left to rig
ht
Whilst within a fill, the curve falls from left
to right

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Cut

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6.4. MASS HAUL DIAGRAM


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Cut
Fill

Borrow

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6.4. MASS HAUL DIAGRAM


A

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peak on the curve


represents a point
where the earthwork
changes from cut to
fill
When a horizontal line
(FG) intersects the
curve at two or more
points, the
accumulated volumes
at these points are
equal
Length of balance
line=haulage distance
between sections

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6.4. MASS HAUL DIAGRAM


If

excess cut:

embankment width
Greater embankment height
Flatter side slopes
If

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Greater

deficit of fill:

Deeper

cutting
Wider cutting
Import/borrow material
However,

need to consider cost & physical


constraints when considering the potential of
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the above

EARTHWORK COMPUTATIONSVOLUMES
Homework

sections at 30m interval have been


drawn at a scale of 1:200 horizontal and 1:20
vertical. The measured areas of cut and fill (in
cm2) are shown below. Determine the total
amount of cut and fill using the end area
method in m3. Ignore any bulking and
shrinkage
Cross
section

Cut area
(cm2)

20

10

Fill area
(cm2)

12

20

30

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Cross

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