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Chapter 18
Reaction Rates and Equilibrium
18.1 Rates of Reaction
18.2 The Progress of Chemical
Reactions
18.3 Reversible Reactions
and Equilibrium
18.4 Solubility Equilibrium
Spontaneous Reactions
Spontaneous Reactions
Spontaneous Reactions
Spontaneous Reactions
Spontaneous Reactions
Spontaneous Reactions
Fireworks displays
are the result of highly
favored spontaneous
reactions.
Spontaneous Reactions
Spontaneous Reactions
Reversible Reactions
In nearly all reversible reactions, one
reaction is favored over the other.
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Spontaneous Reactions
Reversible Reactions
Consider the decomposition of carbonic
acid in water.
H2CO3(aq)
<1%
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CO2(g) + H2O(l)
>99%
Spontaneous Reactions
Reversible Reactions
Consider the decomposition of carbonic
acid in water.
H2CO3(aq)
<1%
CO2(g) + H2O(l)
>99%
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Spontaneous Reactions
Reversible Reactions
Consider the decomposition of carbonic
acid in water.
H2CO3(aq)
<1%
CO2(g) + H2O(l)
>99%
Spontaneous Reactions
Reversible Reactions
When solutions of cadmium nitrate and sodium
sulfide are mixed, the products are aqueous
sodium nitrate and solid yellow cadmium sulfide.
Cd(NO3)2(aq) + Na2S(aq)
CdS(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
A precipitate of cadmium
sulfide forms
spontaneously.
The reverse reaction is
nonspontaneous.
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Spontaneous Reactions
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Spontaneous Reactions
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Spontaneous Reactions
Spontaneous Reactions
Coupled Reactions
Sometimes a nonspontaneous reaction
can be made to occur if it is coupled to a
spontaneous reaction.
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Spontaneous Reactions
Coupled Reactions
Sometimes a nonspontaneous reaction
can be made to occur if it is coupled to a
spontaneous reaction.
One reaction releases energy that is used
by the other reaction.
Coupled reactions are common in the
complex biological processes that take
place in living organisms.
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Entropy
What part does entropy play in a
reaction?
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31
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35
38
39
40
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Enthalpy change
Entropy change
Decreases
(exothermic)
Increases
(endothermic)
Increases
Decreases
(exothermic)
Increases
(endothermic)
Decreases
No
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2KCl(s) +3O2(g)
2KCl(s) +3O2(g)
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G = H TS
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CO2(g)
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CO2(g)
G = H TS
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BIG IDEA
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END OF 18.5
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