CEPHALOMETRIC ANALYSIS

DENT 657

ANALYSIS UTILIZING THE

CEPHALOMETRIC TRACING
1) Describe the subjects dento-facial
morphology
2) Quantitative description of morphological
deviations
3) Make diagnostic and treatment planing
decisions
2) Evaluate change over time - treatment
induced and growth process

Morphological Description
Skeletal - horizontal and vertical
Dental - horizontal and vertical
Comparing individual subjects tracing to
the ideal
Reference sample

Cross-sectional
Longitudinal - growth studies eg. Bolton-Brush,
Ann Arbor and Burlington

Cephalometric Analyses
Downs
Steiners
Tweeds
McNamaras
OSU

Cephalometric Evaluation
Identification of anatomic landmarks
Landmarks: stable reference structures
and maxillary and mandibular skeletal
and dental
Graphically relating the dento-facial
elements to these reference structures
Angular and or linear measurements

METHODS OF
CEPHALOMETRIC ANALYSIS
Two basic approaches
Metric approach - use of selected linear
and angular measures
Graphic approach - overlay of
individuals tracing on a reference
template and visual inspection of
degree of variation

Metric Method - Use of selected

linear and angular measures

Graphic Method - Use of a

Composite Template

GOALS OF CEPHALOMETRIC
ANLYSIS
Evaluating relationships, both horizontal
and vertical of 5 major functional
components of the face:
the cranial base;
the maxilla; the mandible,
the maxillary and mandibular dentoalveolus

REFERENCE LINES
Frankforts Horizontal (porion to
orbitale)
Sella - Nasion line
True horizontal plane
True vertical plane

Reference Lines

sella
porion

nasion
orbitale

SNA
SNA82
8222deg
deg
NA
NATO
TOFH
FH90
9033
deg
deg

SKELETAL HORIZONTAL MAXILLA

FH
a

SNB
SNB80
8022deg
deg
N-PG
N-PGTO
TOFH
FH
88
8866deg
deg

SKELETAL HORIZONTAL MANDIBLE

s
FH

b
Pg

ANB
ANB2222deg
deg

SKELETAL HORIZONTAL - MAXILLA

TO MANDIBLE

A
B

FH
FHTO
TOGOGN
GOGN22
22
55deg
deg
YYAXIS
AXIS59
5966
deg
deg

SKELETAL VERTICAL

LFH
LFH55%
55%OF
OFTFH
TFH

S
FH

GO
ME

GN

INTERINCISAL
INTERINCISAL
130
13055deg
deg

DENTAL - UPPER TO LOWER

INCISOR

U1
U1TO
TOFH
FH110
11055
deg
deg
U1
U1TO
TONA
NA22deg
22deg
U1
U1TO
TONA
NA4mm
4mm

DENTAL - MAXILLARY INCISOR

N
FH
A

L1
L1TO
TONB
NB25deg
25deg
L1
L1TO
TONB
NB4mm
4mm
L1
L1TO
TOGOGN
GOGN91
91
6deg
6deg

DENTAL - MANDIBULAR
ANTERIOR

GO

B
GN

NASOLABIAL
NASOLABIAL
ANGLE
ANGLE102
10288
deg
deg
L.LIP
L.LIPTO
TOEE
PLANE
PLANE-2
-22mm
2mm

SOFT TISSUE

Limitations of the Metric Method

Stable reference structures are only
relatively stable
Validity of landmarks
Error in landmark identification

Graphic Method
Template
Changes between 2 time points

Superimposition Method - on the

cranial base

Maxillary and mandibular

superimposition

Limitations of Cephalometric
Analysis
Individual variability
Ethnic variability
Gender variability