Graphing using Minitab

DOT SIZE

45

40

35
5

LINE

L. Goch February 2011

AGENDA
Why

Graph Data?
Under STAT
Run

Chart
Pareto Chart
Multi-Vari Chart

Under

GRAPH

All Minitab Tutorial

Worksheets are located
in the folder C:\Program
Files\Minitab
16\English\Sample Data

Scatterplot
Histogram
Boxplot

Individual
Bar

Value Plot

Chart
Pie Chart
3D Scatterplot

Graphing us ing
Minitab.mtb

WHY GRAPH THE DATA?

Graphs help us understand the nature of variation
Graphs make the nature of data more accessible to
the human mind
Graphs help display the context of the data
Graphs should be the primary presentation tool in
data analysis

If

you cant show it graphically, you probably

dont have a good conclusion

Graphs help separate the signal from the noise

Graphical
Graphical Analysis
Analysis is
is also
also Called
Called
DATA
DATAMINING!
MINING!
Source: Donald Wheeler: Understanding Variation

RULES FOR EFFECTIVE DATA

COLLECTION

Team must follow sampling plan consistently

Do a short Pilot Run to test your procedures

Note changes in operating conditions that are not

part of the normal or initial operating conditions
Maintain monitors on gauges for key process
inputs

Record any events that are out of the ordinary

Log data into database quickly

Keep a log book

AVAILABLE GRAPH TOOLS

RUN CHART:
STAT > QUALITY TOOLS >
RUN CHART

RUN CHART:

STAT > QUALITY TOOLS > RUN CHART

Tests for Process Stability by applying some

statistical diagnostic tests to the series

Open worksheet Radon.mtw

RUN CHART
Run Chart of Membrane
45

Membrane

40

35

30

25

20
1

Sample
Number of runs about median:
Expected number of runs:
Longest run about median:
Approx P-Value for Clustering:
Approx P-Value for Mixtures:

3
6.0
5
0.022
0.978

Number of runs up or down:

Expected number of runs:
Longest run up or down:
Approx P-Value for Trends:
Approx P-Value for Oscillation:

5
6.3
3
0.135
0.865

10

PARETO CHART:
STAT > QUALITY TOOLS >
PARETO CHART

PARETO CHART: STAT > QUALITY TOOLS

> PARETO CHART
Pareto Charts are an essential
Open worksheet
EXH_QC.MTW

tool to help prioritize

improvement targets
Paretos allow us to focus on the
20% of the problems that cause
80% of the poor performance

Defects
Counts
Missing Screws
274
Missing Clips
59
Defective Housing 19
Leaky Gasket
43
Scrap
4
Unconnected Wire 8
Missing Studs
6
Incomplete Part
10

PARETO CHART
Pareto Chart of Defects
300
250

150
100

I ncomplete Part

Unconnected Wir

Missing Studs

274
64.8
64.8

59
13.9
78.7

43
10.2
88.9

19
4.5
93.4

10
2.4
95.7

8
1.9
97.6

6
1.4
99.1

Scrap

Defective Housi

Counts
Percent
Cum %

Leaky Gasket

0
Defects

Missing Clips

50

Missing Screws

Counts

200

4
0.9
100.0

SECOND LEVEL PARETOS

We can generate a second level Pareto using the By
statement
This breaks down the overall Pareto by time of day

Period
Day
Day
Day
Day
Day
Day
Day
Evening
Evening
Evening
Evening
Evening
Evening
Evening
Night
Night
Night
Night
Night
Night
Night
Night
Night
Night
Night
Night
Night
Night
Night
Night
Night
Night
Night
Weekend
Weekend
Weekend
Weekend
Weekend
Weekend
Weekend

SECOND LEVEL PARETO

Pareto Chart of Flaws by Period
Period = Day

Period = Evening

Flaws
Peel
Scratch
O ther
Smudge

8
6
4

4
2

Count

Flaws
Scratch
Scratch
Peel
Peel
Smudge
Scratch
Other
Other
Peel
Peel
Peel
Peel
Scratch
Scratch
Peel
Scratch
Smudge
Scratch
Peel
Peel
Peel
Peel
Other
Other
Scratch
Scratch
Peel
Scratch
Smudge
Scratch
Other
Scratch
Scratch
Peel
Peel
Peel
Smudge
Smudge
Smudge
Other

3
2
1

1
0

Period = Night

Period = Weekend

8
6

1
0

0
Peel

Scratch

Other

Smudge

Peel

Flaws

Scratch

Other

Smudge

MULTI-VARI CHART:
STAT > QUALITY TOOLS >
MULTI-VARI CHART

MULTI-VARI CHART: STAT > QUALITY

TOOLS > MULTI-VARI CHART
Open worksheet
Sinter.MTW

Multi-vari charts are a way

of presenting analysis of
variance data in a graphical
form. The chart displays the
means at each factor level for
every factor.

MULTI-VARI CHART
Multi-Vari Chart for Strength by SinterTime - MetalType
24

SinterTime
100
150
200

23

Strength

22

21

20

19

18

17
1

2
MetalType

SCATTERPLOT:
GRAPH > SCATTERPLOT

SCATTERPLOT: STAT > SCATTERPLOT

Scatterplots study the relationship between

two variables

Open worksheet
Batteries.MTW

SCATTERPLOT
Scatterplot of FlashRecov vs VoltsAfter
7.5
7.0
6.5

FlashRecov

6.0
5.5

5.25
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2
VoltsAfter

1.3

1.4

1.5

SCATTERPLOT BY A VARIABLE
Scatterplot of FlashRecov vs VoltsAfter
7.5

Formulation
New
O ld

7.0
6.5

FlashRecov

6.0
5.5

5.25
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2
VoltsAfter

1.3

1.4

1.5

HISTOGRAM:
GRAPH > HISTOGRAM

CREATING A HISTOGRAM WITH A

NORMAL CURVE
Graph > Histogram > With Fit

Histograms examine the shape and

spread of data

Open worksheet
Camshaft.MTW

SMOOTHED (NORMAL) DISTRIBUTION

Histogram of Length
Normal
Mean
StDev
N

25

600.1
1.335
100

Frequency

20

15

10

0
597

598

599

600

601

602

603

Length

We can view the data as a smoothed distribution (red line), in this example
using the normal distribution assumption. It provides an approximation
of how the data might look if we were to collect an infinite number of data
points. DOES THE DATA FIT THE CURVE??? If not, does another type of
distribution fit the data?

SMOOTHED (SKEWED) DISTRIBUTION

Histogram of Length
Smallest Extreme Value
Loc
600.7
Scale 1.068
N
100

25

Frequency

20

15

10

0
596

597

598

599
Length

600

601

602

We can view the data as a smoothed distribution (red line), in this example
using the skewed distribution assumption. It provides an approximation
of how the data might look if we were to collect an infinite number of data
points. DOES THE DATA FIT THE CURVE??? If not, look for groups that
may explain the shape of the data?

CREATING A HISTOGRAM WITH

Graph > Histogram > With Outline
GROUPS

and Groups
Data for the 2 different suppliers is
available.

Still using worksheet

Camshaft.MTW

SMOOTHED (SKEWED) DISTRIBUTION

Histogram of Camshaft Lengths
Camparison of Supplier 1 vs Supplier 2
35

Variable
Supp1
Supp2

30

Frequency

25

20

15

10

0
597.0
100 Parts Plotted for Each Supplier

598.5

600.0
Data

601.5

603.0

SMOOTHED (SKEWED) DISTRIBUTION

Histogram of Camshaft Lengths
Camparison of Supplier 1 vs Supplier 2
Supp1

35

Supp2

30

Frequency

25
20

15

10
5

0
597.0

598.5

100 Parts Plotted for Each Supplier

600.0

601.5

603.0

597.0

598.5

600.0

601.5

603.0

BOXPLOT:
GRAPH > BOXPLOT

BOXPLOTS: GRAPH > BOXPLOT

There is another method of looking at the data that may

be easier to see differences in the distributions
Boxplots show the spread and center of the data
BE CAREFUL!

The

center of the Boxplot is the MEDIAN,

MEDIAN not the MEAN

Open worksheet
Carpet.MTW

BOXPLOTS
Boxplot of Durability
22.5

75% to
100%

20.0

75th
Percentile

Durability

17.5

15.0

Average

12.5

50th
Percentile
or Median

10.0

7.5

5.0

NOTE:
Outliers will be

0% to
25%

displayed as *
We can also generate boxplots by a variable to
look at the variation due to that variable

25th
Percentile

BOXPLOTS W/ GROUPS
We can also generate boxplots by a variable to look at
the variation due to that variable
Data for 4 Experimental Carpet types is available.

Still using worksheet

Carpet.MTW

BOXPLOTS W/ GROUPS
Boxplot of Durability
22.5

20.0
18.115

Durability

17.5

15.0

14.4825
12.8075

12.5

10.0

9.735

7.5

5.0
1

Carpet

INDIVIDUAL VALUE
PLOT:
GRAPH > INDIVIDUAL
VALUE PLOT

INDIVIDUAL VALUE PLOT: GRAPH >

INDIVIDUAL VALE PLOT

Individual Value Plots also show the spread and center

of the data

Open worksheet
Billiards.MTW

INDIVIDUAL VALUE PLOT

Individual Value Plot of Elastic
90

80

Elastic

70

60

Average

50

40

30

We can also generate Individual Value Plots by a

variable to look at the variation due to that variable

INDIVIDUAL VALUE PLOT W/ GROUPS

We can also generate Individual Value Plots by a
variable to look at the variation due to that variable
Data for 2 Additives is available.

Still using worksheet

Billiards.MTW

INDIVIDUAL VALUE PLOT W/ GROUPS

Individual Value Plot of Elastic
Additive
0
1
2

90

80
75.9

Elastic

70

60
54.2

50
42.8

40

30
0

Additive

BAR CHART:
GRAPH > BAR CHART

BAR CHART: GRAPH > BAR CHART

Bar Charts can

be created from:
1)
2)

3)

Data that needs

to be counted
Functions of
data(e.g. avg,
min, max) OR
a Table

BAR CHART: GRAPH > BAR CHART

(COUNTS OF UNIQUE VALUES)

Use to chart counts of unique values,

clustered by grouping variables.

Open worksheet
Exh_QC.MTW

Flaws
3
2

Weekend

Night

Evening

Smudge

Day

Weekend

Night

Evening

Scratch

Day

Weekend

Night

Evening

Day

Weekend

Night

Evening

Peel

0
Period
1

Other

Day

Count

BAR CHART: GRAPH > BAR CHART

(COUNTS OF UNIQUE VALUES)
Chart of Flaws, Period

4
3

1
0

BAR CHART: GRAPH > BAR CHART (A

FUNCTION OF A VARIABLE)

Use to chart counts of unique values,

clustered by grouping variables.

Still using worksheet

Exh_AOV.MTW

BAR CHART: GRAPH > BAR CHART (A

FUNCTION OF A VARIABLE)
Chart of Mean( LightOutput )
1386

1400

1313

1200

Mean of LightOutput

1087.33

1035 1054.67

1000
886.667

800

600

572.667 553 573.333

400

200

GlassType
Temperature

2
100

2
125

2
150

BAR CHART: GRAPH > BAR CHART

(VALUES FROM A TABLE)

asdfa

Open worksheet
Tires.MTW

BAR CHART: GRAPH > BAR CHART

(VALUES FROM A TABLE)
Chart of Repairs
160
140

Repairs

120
100
80
60
40
20
Q1
Q2
Leak From Seating
Q3
Q4

Q1
Q2
Damaged Liner
Q3
Q4

Q1
Q2
Valve Core Leak
Q3
Q4

Q1
Q2
Damaged Sidewall
Q3
Q4

Q1
Q2
Valve Stem Leak
Q3
Q4

CausesB

Q1
Q2
Puncture
Q3
Q4

0
Qtr

We can easily switch the X-axis so that CauseB is

plotted within Qtr.

Damaged Liner

Puncture
Valve Core Leak
Valve Stem Leak

Damaged Liner
Damaged Sidewall
Leak From Seating

Valve Stem Leak

Leak From Seating

Puncture
Valve Core Leak

Valve Core Leak

Valve Stem Leak

Damaged Liner
Damaged Sidewall
Leak From Seating
Q4
Puncture

Valve Stem Leak

Damaged Sidewall
Leak From Seating
Q3
Puncture
Valve Core Leak

Q2

Q1

Qtr
Damaged Liner

0
CausesB
Damaged Sidewall

Repairs

BAR CHART: GRAPH > BAR CHART

(VALUES FROM A TABLE)
Chart of Repairs

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

We can easily stack the Causes B into one bar on

the X-axis still plotted within Qtr.

BAR CHART: GRAPH > BAR CHART

(VALUES FROM A TABLE)
Chart of Repairs
CausesB
Valve Stem Leak
Valve Core Leak
Puncture
Leak From Seating
Damaged Sidewall
Damaged Liner

400

200

100

Q4

Q1

Q2

0
Qtr

Q3

Repairs

300

PIE CHART:
GRAPH > PIE CHART

PIE CHART: GRAPH > PIE CHART

Use to display the proportion of each data

category relative to the whole data set.

Open worksheet
Tires.MTW

PIE CHART: GRAPH > PIE CHART

Pie Chart of CausesA
Leak F rom Seating
7.0%
Damaged Liner
9.2%

Puncture
28.8%

Valve Core Leak

12.8%

Damaged Sidewall
14.6%
Valve Stem Leak
27.6%

3D SCATTERPLOT:
GRAPH > 3D
SCATTERPLOT

3D SCATTERPLOT: GRAPH > 3D

SCATTERPLOT

Use to evaluate relationships between

three variables at once by plotting data
on three axes.

Open worksheet
Reheat.MTW

3D SCATTERPLOT: GRAPH > 3D

SCATTERPLOT

3D Scatterplot of Quality vs Time vs Temp

O perator
A
B

7.5

Q uality

5.0
2.5

40
35

0.0
30
350

400
Temp

Time

25
450

Us the 3D Graph Tools to Enlarge & Rotate Graph

(Check Tools >Toolbars >3D Graph Tools).

CONCENTRATION DIAGRAMS
CANNOT BE CREATED IN MINITAB
Concentration Diagrams provide a visual display of
occurrences to identify trends
Usually a pictorial representation (drawing) of the
product is used as the basis
Occurrences are marked on the drawing where they
were noticed for all units reviewed
Take a look at the following examples

A Concentration Diagram is a great tool to

Investigate the nature of surface defects

LOOKING FOR PAINT DEFECTS

Top View of a Cooktop
X = 1 defect

xxxx
xx
xx

x
x

x
x xx x
xx
x
x

x
xxx

xxx
x
x xxx

ANNOTATING GRAPHS:
To Change Title: Double click on Title, Change Font or Text,
Click OK.
To Add Subtitle or Footnote: Left Click anywhere on Graph,
Click Add, Select Option to be added.
To Underline Legend Title: Double Click on Legend box, Left
click on Header Font tab, Check Underline.
To add data labels: Right Click anywhere on graph, Left
click on Add, Left click on Data Labels, Left click on OK.
To add Groups to data: Double Click on any Data Point,
Select Groups tab, Select column to group by
To Delete Legend Box: Right click on Legend box, Left Click
on Delete.
To move the position of a Label: Right Click to select the
label you want to move. You may have to Right Click more than
once. Right Click, hold and drag the label to the new position.
To Unslant X-axis Labels: Double click X-axis, select
Alignment tab, enter 90 for text angle, Click on OK.
To Add Jitter to Data Points: Double click any Data Point,
select the Jitter tab, Check Add jitter to direction, Click on
OK.

CONCLUSIONS
Results need to be Supported by data
Not based on conjecture or intuition
Shown in 1) Graphical & 2) Statistical format
Make sense from an 3) Engineering standpoint

Good
Good Conclusions
Conclusions Require
Require
Data
Data and
and Hard
Hard Evidence!!
Evidence!!