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CLAUSES
Hardiansyah
1502896
A
Clauses
Finite sub-clauses:
Declarative
Interrogative
Relative
Non-finite sub-clauses:
Bare infinitive
To-infinitive
-ing participle
Passive participle
Subjectless clauses
Clauses
Clause: The unit formed around a lexical verb.
Example: He can sing a song.
Types of Clauses
- Main Clause:Clause that forms a sentence
and
Coordination
It's very nice to get married
Main Clause
But
THAT is a complementizer
Sizes of of Sub-clauses
A full clause with a complementizer (S)
I swear that I didnt dream it.
A full clause without a complementizer (S)
John made the journalist look stupid.
A clause with no complementizer and no
subject (VP)
We intend to grow our hair even longer for
the cause
S
NP
VP
S'
swear COMP
that/
NP
VP
i
didn't dream it
S
NP
VP
John V
S
made NP
VP (BARE)
the journalist
look
AP
stupid
S
S
NP
VP
VP
We intend
VP(INF)
to
grow our hair even longer for the cause
Finte sub-clauses:
Declarative
Interrogative
Relative
Types of sub-clauses
Non-finite sub-clauses:
Bare infinitive
To-infinitive
-ing participle
Passive participle
That Clause
Function
Declarative
Sub-Clauses
yes-no question
Interogative Sub-Clauses
Wh-questions
Wh-clause has the same form as a main clause whinterrogative with the usual difference that there is no subjectoperator inversion.
Wh-sub-clauses can occur in the same positions as the other
clauses.
Interogative Sub-Clauses
Relative clauses
E.g:
the little boy at the birthday party whom nobody wants
to talk to.
the little boy at the birthday party to whom nobody
wants to talk.
pied piping place the preposition at the front with
relative pronun.
Example:
that-clause: And what about the rumours that you slept with your male
co-star? (AUS#33:39)
relative clause: And what about the rumours that you spread with your male
co-star?
Relative clause function as a modifier of the noun, whereas the that clause
function as the compliment of the noun.
Example:
the rumour that you slept with your male co-star that you categorically deny
complement
modifier
that-clause
relative clause
Non-finite sub-clauses:
Bare infinitive
To-infinitive
-ing participle
Passive participle
Bare Invinitive
It cannot have complementizer and the verb string
only consist of one verb
Bare infinitive can have a subject,
but generally in a form of object.
E.g : Rather than him leave his wife, i think they should sell the dog.
To-infinitive
Funtions
It ca be a subject, either extraposed or in the normal subject
position.
E.g
Extraposed Subject: It was fun to create
catch phrases
-ing participle
The funtions
It can be a subject, object, complement of a noun , and modifier of the noun.
1. Asking for identification from the vurnerable is totally wrong. (Subject)
2. I imagine popping in my coin. (Object)
3. Homeless people looking for a hostel accomodation. (complement of a noun)
4. His Skinny-dipping client ( modifier of a noun)
Non finite clauses built around the ing-participle often function as adverbial. when they function as
adverbial clauses, -ing clauses are often introduced by a preposition.
E.g : In Moscow a performer with the state circus expired after attempting to swallow an eight-pund
bowling ball.
-ing-participle can have a subject, and such subjects can occur either in usual object form, or in the
possesive form.
Eg: His mother doesn't like him sleeping rough
His mother doesn't like his sleeping rough
Passive
participle
The funtions
It can be an object of verbs and adverbial
1. We should have had the kids checked for Y2K compliance. ( Object)
2. I discovered that , when expected to speak foreign language, the
Dutch can strangel reticent. (adverbial)
It can modify nouns
the book, edited by professor Hartley Dean from Luton University.
same as ing-participle, a passive participle can never have a
complementizer.
SUBJECTLESS CLAUSES
1. Controlled Subject
When the meaning of the missing subject is the same as
that of
some other element in the sentence.
For example: Smiling cheerfully, she typed the letter
2. Arbitrary Reference
When the meaning of the subject cant be found inside the
sentence so that the interpretation becomes general.
For example : Asking for identification from the vulnerable
is totally wrong
Trees
In term of syntactic category, every sub-clause belongs
to one of three categories :
S' if it has a complementizer, or could have had a complementizer.
S if it cannot have complementizer but has a subject.
VP if it has neither a complementizer nor a subject
Subject:
Extraposed Subject
S'/S/VP VP
AP
Tense
(Pres)
It (pres)
S'/S/VP
Aux
is
NP
Vgp
AP
fun
is
VP
A
Tense
fun
to study English
Object/Subject
Complement
NP
VP
S'
swear COMP
that/
NP
VP
i
didn't dream it
Adverbial
S
S'/S/VP
S
NP
To be Quite Honest,
VP
Complement of N
NP
Det
N'
N'
COMP S
S'
picture
which
VP
Bare Infinitival
Clause
S
NP
VP
John V
S
made NP
VP (BARE)
the journalist
look
AP
stupid
-ing-clause
S
VP
V
Stubbing out
bike
S
NP
my cigarette
NP
VP
got my
Passive participle
clause
NP
Det
The
N'
N'
VP (PPART)
V'
book
V
edited
PP
by professor HD from LU
Thank you