Man and Society

Man a social animal, according to Aristotle

- the individual element of society, community

- forms society and develops standards, norms, customs,
values
Society is the union itself, the sum of formal relations

associating

individuals bounded together, given by

Giddings
- a group of individuals who live together long enough to

become organized and consider themselves distinct from

others, given by J.F.Cuber

 Elements of society
plurality, independence, dynamic, likeliness, mutual understanding,

social control, culture, cooperation

Social needs

organizing obtaining basic goods, services, shelter, fuel, water

Protection of members from external, internal threats

Replacement of members lost by death, immigration

Transmission of knowledge to new members regarding rights,

responsibilities, obligations

Motivation to both new and continuing members

Development and solving conflicts

 Social institutions: family, religion, economy, education and the state

Types of societies, depending upon the technology adoption:

Tribal societies: had common territory, sense of unity, common

language, relied on hunting for survival

Pastoral societies: origination of religion as Judaism, Islam,

Christianity

Horticultural societies: domestication of plants for food supplies,

still some society exist in Africa, Australia

Agricultural societies: maintaining fertility of soil, first society to

develop city, permanent settlements, money used as medium of
exchange

Industrial societies: use of machine for production, people live in

urban areas, development of social institutions, establishments of
trade union

Technology and Society

Technology -

> creation and use of technical means and their

interrelation with life, society, and
environment
> practical application of systematic knowledge
using machine and tools
Both area intimately connected when related to social

change, goes hand in hand

Impacts and consequences of technology on society
> economics and financial growth
> values change in expectation and realities,
mechanistic world view
> ethics change in justice, great power,
challenge traditional ethical norms

Continued..

> Lifestyle simplifications of life as cheaper

prices, specialization in jobs, global networking
- complications of life as pollution, new forms of
danger, threat of diseases and disorders, social
separations
> Environment depletion of resources, global
warming, technological wastes
Impacts due to technical changes on family

system, religion, rural life, urban life

Community

a social group with some degree of feelings and living in a

given area, given by Bogardus

a human community is a functionally related aggregate of

people who live in a particular geographic locality at particular
time, share a common culture ,arranged in social structure and
exhibit an awareness of their uniqueness and separate identity
group, given by Blaire and Meeca

a group of social being living a common life including all the

infinite variety and complexity of relations resulting from
common life, given by Ginsberg

Has no legal status, cannot sue nor be sued

History Of Engineering Practices in

Western Society
Sir Benjamin Franklin, first proved that lightning is

form of electricity
Simon Stevin, first discovered triangle of forces,

helped to calculate actual load of different

structures
In 1800, first engineering school, appeared in

France
In 1560, first research institute founded

History Of Engineering Practices in

Eastern Society
1st civilization, near Yanshao river, during 5000 BC
Planning of cities in China with right angled intersecting

streets according to grid pattern, 4000 BC

Appearance of towns and cities, in Mesopotamia, (now

Iraq), during 3500-3000 BC

Invention Of Seismoscope, by Chinese philosopher,

Chang Heng, 132 AD

Palace built by Sassaid Kings, at Ctesiphon, capital of

Tigris, 400 AD
Building of stone, previous Persian building method,

replaced with wood in India, 515 BC

Engineering Practices in Nepal

Iron Bridge over river Bagmati 1st engineering structure
Pharping Hydroelectricity Project
Other examples Royal palace, Dharahra
Kul Ratna Tuladhar , 1st chief engineer of Nepal, Public

Work department , Shanti malla , 1st lady engineer of

Nepal
Nepal Engineering Institute, established in 1959, gave

first Diploma degree in Civil Engineering

1972 IOE , Pulchowk Campus, Established
Currently, 39 Affiliated Engineering Colleges in Nepal

Engineering Society
Society
The term society is derived from the latin word
socius meaning companionship or friendship.
It indicates that man lives in company of other
people.
A society is a collection of individuals united by
certain relation or mode of behavior.
Engineering society is a collection of engineer
united by their common professional activities.

Role of Engineers
Social Change
Engineer and engineering professional are responsible for social
change.
Technological factors are the key factors for social change
Technology is a systematic knowledge which facilitate in the use
of machine, tools and practice.
Change in technology means modification, alteration and
innovation in material and its use which is responsible for social
change.
Innovation / creativeness with continuous effort
Engineer are directly involved in their professional work
continuously and they can innovate new things / idea/
procedure which is very useful to the society and human being.

Role of Engineers
Development Activities and works
Engineer are directly involved for development
activities and advancement of infrastructure,
facilities and functions due to which public society
are beneficiaries.
Knowledge and technology transfer
Engineer are capable to transfer the technologies
and
medium to transfer the knowledge to the
society.

Profession
A profession can be defined as the systematic

knowledge acquired through

training and education.

specialized

Profession is synonym to job or occupation.

Profession helps providing specialized type of

service for a needy person or community.

Features of profession
1. Systematic knowledge and skills
2. Authencity

of knowledge and skill/ Specialized

types of services

3. It is a public property and matter of public

evaluation
4. Bound by code and ethics
5. Every profession have some set of behavior that is

similar to the other person of same profession

Engineering Profession
It can be defined various way, generally it

is defined as

its a practice with the act of designing,

composing, advising, reporting, directing

or supervising where in the safeguarding
of, health, property or the public welfare
is concerned and that requires the
application of engineering principles.

Nepal

Engineering Council Act 2054

defines the engineering profession as the
occupation which is done by the
engineers. The engineer has been defined
as a person having graduate degree in
engineering from the institute recognized
by the council.

Factor affecting the morale of the

profession/ Engineers
Salary/ remuneration
Social norms and values
Low morale(state of despair or

hopelessness)

Lack of implementation of the

Laws and regulations

Lack of political commitment.

Ethics
Ethics, also known as moral philosophy is a
branch of philosophy that addresses questions
about moralitythat is, concepts such as good
and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice,
justice, etc.
A set of principles of right conduct.
A theory or a system of moral values

Engineering Ethics The rules or standards

governing the conduct of a person or the

members of a engineering profession
or

It is the field of applied ethics which examines

and sets standards for engineers' obligations to

the public, their clients, employers and the
profession.

The action of animal or nature are not evaluated as moral action.

Fundamental ethical value for code

of ethics
Protection of life and safeguarding people
Sustainable management and care for the

environment
Community well being.
Professionalism, integrity and competence
Sustaining engineering knowledge.

Importance of Code of ethics &

Guidelines for Professional Engineering
Practice

1.

Code of
practitioner

ethics

governs

the

conduct

of

all

2.

It ensure that engineers practice within their

expertise, they do so in a fair and ethical manner and
they place good of society above their personnel gain.

3.

This is a means by which engineers govern(direct)

themselves

4.

It is a privilege earned over the years through

knowledge, experience and trust.

Methods of making ethical and

proper Decision
Utilitarianism : A decision or act is right or good only if it

generates the greatest amount of benefit for the largest

number people with lowest cost and harms to others.

Universalism : A decision or act is right or good only if

everyone faced with the same set of circumstances should be

expected to make same decision.

Distributive Justice; A decision or act is right or good only

if the least advantaged member of the society somehow

enjoy a better standard after the decision compared to as
they did before.

Personal Liberty: A decision or act is right or good only if

all the member of our society somehow have a greater

freedom to develop their own lives after the decision.

Fundamental Ethics (canons) of

Engineer
Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and

welfare of the public and shall strive to comply with

the principles of sustainable development in the
performance of their professional duties.

Engineers shall perform services only in areas of their

competence.

Engineers shall issue public statements only in an

objective and truthful manner.

Engineers shall act in professional matters for each

employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, and

shall avoid conflicts of interest.

Fundamental Ethics (canons) of

Engineer
Engineers shall build their professional reputation on

the merit of their services and shall not compete

unfairly with others.

Engineers shall act in such a manner as to uphold

and enhance the honor, integrity, and dignity of the

engineering profession and shall act with zerotolerance for bribery, fraud, and corruption.

Engineers

shall
continue
their
professional
development throughout their careers, and shall
provide
opportunities
for
the
professional
development of those engineers under their
supervision."

Other Ethics
Relationships

with
clients,
consultants,
competitors, and contractors
Ensuring legal compliance by clients, client's
contractors, and others
Conflict of interest
Bribery, which also may include: Gifts, meals,

services, and entertainment

Treatment

of

confidential

or

proprietary

information
Consideration of the employers assets
Outside employment/activities (Moonlighting)

Negligence, Tort and

liability
Negligence:
The law expects certain standard of behavior
from the citizen it governs.
When the person fails to meet these standards
by acting in a way the law considers un
reasonable that person may be guilty of
negligence.
Negligence is lack of proper care or attention.

Example of negligence

Tort
Tort is action and inaction of one or more individuals which

leads to loss or damage of another. The court seeks

compensate those who suffers as a result.

It is any private or civil wrong for which damage may be

claimed.

Objective of Tort Law

Compensation to victim
Transferring the cost of injury from victim to the person

responsible for that.

Prevention of repetition of harmful action
Defending the law and rights of victim.

Liability
A liability can mean something that is a hindrance or puts an individual or group
at a disadvantage, or something that someone is responsible for, or something that
increases the chance of something occurring (i.e. it is a cause).
Legal liability
In law a person is said to be legally liable when they are financially and legally
responsible for something. Legal liability concerns both civil law and criminal
law
Public liability is part of the law of tort which focuses on civil wrongs.
An applicant (the injured party) usually sues the respondent (the owner or occupier)
under common law based on negligence and/or damages. Claims are usually
successful when it can be shown that the owner/occupier was responsible for an
injury, therefore they breached their duty of care.
The duty of care is very complex, but in basic terms it is the standard by which one

would expect to be treated whilst one is in the care of another.

Once a breach (violation) of duty of care has been established, an action brought in

a common law court would most likely be successful. Based on the injuries and the
losses of the applicant the court would award a financial compensation package.

Some examples

Case Study :1
You are working as an engineer from a
consulting firm in Pokhara. Your friend Mr Ram
is working as a project engineer from
contractor in the same project. Mr Ram invites
you for dinner every Friday to celebrate good
Friday and requests you to share the
guesthouse for your accommodation.
What would you do? Prepare a case study
based on code of ethics. Make supplementary
assumptions if necessary.

Case Study 2
Mr Kamal, an engineering graduate, carried
out survey for telephone line requirement for a
newly growth city near Kathmandu Valley. He
estimated 500 lines for five years period. But,
in two years period, the demand for telephone
lines dramatically increased and application
for telephone line was reached 2500.
Discuss this case with reference to reasonable
skill and competency of a professional.

Case Study 3
A college named XYZ after affiliation with the reputed
university has started the bachelor degree in Civil and
Computer Engineering to provide the skillful manpower
for the nation. When it completed one academic session,
the product (Engineer) came on the market for the
competition. Once an engineer interested to apply for
Lok Sewa (Public Service Commission Government
Sector) and Lok Sewa rejected to forward his application
because of his membership of Engineering Council.
He went to get membership to the council; finally he
found his college was not registered in the council.
Discuss the role of the different parties in this case
study.

Case Study :4
A production company invited you to attend a

one day interaction program to be organized

at Hotel Yak and Yeti, Kathmandu. A program
includes advertisement of the products, free
distribution of a hand bag and a dinner party.
Will you attend that program or not? Give
reasons

Delegation of authority
A manager alone cannot perform all the tasks
assigned to him. In order to meet the targets,
the manager should delegate authority.
Delegation of Authority means division of
authority and powers downwards to the
subordinate. Delegation is about entrusting
someone else to do parts of your job.
Delegation of authority can be defined as
subdivision and sub-allocation of powers to the
subordinates in order to achieve effective results

Elements of
Authority
Delegation
Responsibility

Accountability

Authority
Authority can be defined as the power and right of a person

to use and allocate the resources efficiently, to take decisions

and to give orders so as to achieve the organizational
objectives.

Authority is the right to give commands, orders and get the

things done.

The top level management has greatest authority. Authority

always flows from top to bottom.

Authority should be accompanied with an equal amount of

responsibility.

Delegating the authority to someone else doesnt imply

escaping from accountability. Accountability still rest with the

person having the utmost authority.

Responsibility
Responsibility - is the duty of the person to

complete the task assigned to him.

A person who is given the responsibility should

ensure that he accomplishes the tasks assigned to

him. If the tasks for which he was held responsible
are not completed, then he should not give
excuses.

Responsibility without adequate authority leads to

discontent and dissatisfaction among the person.

Responsibility flows from bottom to top.

Accountability
Accountability - means giving explanations for any

variance in the actual performance from the expectations

set.

Accountability can not be delegated. For example, if A is

given a task with sufficient authority, and A delegates

this task to B and asks him to ensure that task is done
well, responsibility rest with B, but accountability still rest
with A.

The top level management is most accountable.

Accountability, in short, means being answerable for the

end result. Accountability cant be escaped. It arises from

responsibility.

Process of delegation
For achieving delegation, a manager has to
work in a system and has to perform
following steps : Assignment of tasks and duties
Granting of authority
Creating responsibility and Accountability

Difference between Authority &

Responsibility
Authority

Responsibility

It is the legal right of a person or a

superior to command his
subordinates.

It is the obligation of subordinate to

perform the work assigned to him.

Authority is attached to the position of a

superior in concern.

Responsibility arises out of superior

subordinate relationship in which
subordinate agrees to carry out duty
given to him.

Authority can be delegated by a superior

to a subordinate

Responsibility cannot be shifted and is

absolute

It flows from top to bottom.

It flows from bottom to top.

Individual freedom vs. Societal

goals
If an individual live with a group in society,

however, his activities and actions can affect the

group.
Group living has always involved a compromise

between enjoying individual freedom and

protecting the best interest of the groups. So how
an individuals freedom can best be protected
against the interest of the society.
Discuss on the ground of ethics Assume Mr John
meet a thirsty person in the deserts whom he
provide water to drink. The person is died due to
thermal shock of cold water.

Engineering Practice in
government Sector
The duties of engineer are mainly
Design and estimate of specified project,
infrastructure etc.
Preparation of technical specification, tender
documents, contract document, agreement paper
Evaluate and supervise the project assigned him/ her.
Allocation of resource
Working as a member of investigation committee
Planning
Provide suggestion, recommendation as their
expertise.

Relationship of engineering profession to

basic science and technology; relationship
to other professions.
Technology is the best application

Basic Science

Technology
New Technology

of laws of nature and utilization

of the properties of matters and
sources of power by which,
engineers can make new facilities
and create new services so
engineering profession has a deep
relationship with basic science and
technology as well as other
profession.

Engineering
Efficient use of technology

Nepal
Public sectors, Government organizations like ministries,
departments, regional and district offices, corporations,
institute of engineering etc.
1.

Finance Ministry
2. Industry, commerce and supply ministry
3. Law, justice and parliamentary ministry
4. Agriculture and cooperative ministry
5. Home ministry
6. Population and environment ministry
7. Water resource ministry
8. Physical planning and works ministry
9. Culture, tourism and civil aviation ministry
10. Foreign ministry
11. Land-reform and land management ministry
12. Women, children and social welfare ministry
13. Defense ministry
14. Forests and soil conservation ministry
15. Science and technology ministry
16. Education and sports ministry
17. General administrative ministry
18. Information and communication ministry
19. Local development ministry
20 health Ministry
21. Labor & Transport Ministry

22. Secretariat of national planning commission

23. Finance ministry
a. Internal loan section b. Foreign loan section
c.
Investment section
d. Miscellaneous section
24. Royal family and palace offices
25. Royal council- constitutional bodies
26. Parliament constitutional bodies
27. Courts constitutional bodies
28 Commission of investigation for abuse of
authority (CIAA)
28. Auditors offices
29. Public commission office
30. Election commission office
31. Office of Attorney General
32. Council of justice
33. Office of Prime Minister
34. Ministerial council
35. Center for national awareness
36. Municipalities
37. DDCs, VDCs, Regional level organizations

General Job description of

engineers working in public sectors
1.
2.
3.
4.

To perform preliminary and detail survey, design and estimate

To execute and assign for execution of project works
To conduct various programs for increasing peoples capacity.
To report writing of
a. Progress report b. Feasibility report c.
Final report
d. Monitoring and evaluation report etc.
6. To monitor and evaluate ongoing projects
7. To facilitate donor agencies is involved
8. To monitor and coordinate the operation and maintenance of
facilities.
10.To execute and perform works and jobs assigned by immediate
superiors, and
11. To execute other jobs planned specifically for engineers as the
nature and case be.

General Job description of engineers working in

the private sectors
1. To coordinate works between stakeholders- clients,
consulting and contractors
2. To layout works, to survey and to estimate,
3. To supervise, monitor, and control works,
4. To control quality, to assess and report to concerning
authorities,
5. To prepare bills as a quality surveyor,
6. To plan project and report progress,
7. To prepare technical report and prepare claims if any,
8. To conduct necessary training regarding site work and
office organizations system to new staffs,
9. To overall manage of construction project etc.

A. Nepal Engineering Council

B. Nepal Engineers Association

Nepal
Engineering
Council
was
formed
under the Nepal Engineering Council
Act, 2055 promulgated by then His
Majesty the King on B.S.2055/11/27.
It directs the relationships of
Nepalese Engineers with:
Public
Employers and Clients
Other Engineers

Nepal Engineering Council Rules, 2057 has

also been prepared and approved by then
His Majesty's Government as per the
provision of Clause 37 of the Act.
The first Executive Council was formed on
Magh 2056

Engineering Profession
Nepal

Engineering Council Act 2057

defines the engineering profession as the
occupation
which
is
done
by
the
engineers. The engineer has been defined
as a person having graduate degree in
engineering from the institute recognized
by the council.

It can be defined various way, generally it

is defined as its a practice with the act

of designing, composing,
advising,
reporting, directing or supervising where
in the safeguarding of, health, property or
the public welfare is concerned and that
requires the application of engineering
principles.

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Licensing or registration of Engineer

Authorization of Certificates of
academic qualification.

Recognition of academic institutions

Produce and monitor the
professional code of conduct

 To prepare policies, plans and

programs.
To grant permission and approval
to carry out engineering
education.
To check engineering colleges and
institutions that meet the required
norms and standards.

 To set norms and standards for

engineering education in Nepal
To monitor and inspect the quality of
engineering education provided by
the engineering colleges and
institutions
To fix the qualification necessary in
order to practice engineering
profession and to register their name
in the Council
To remove their name from the

Professional Code of Conduct as per

NEC
Honesty and Discipline
Loyalty and Morals
Impartiality
Performing only related professional jobs

only

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56

 Knowledge of Technology
Social Understanding
Economical Realities
Legal Awareness
Environmental Skills
Management
Leadership and Innovation

The council categorized the engineers as

under according to Section - 2 of the
Engineering Council Acts:
A - General Registered Engineers.
B - Professional Engineers.
C - Non-Nepalese Registered Engineers.
Registration Requirements
Application with approved format
Copies of certificates of academic
qualification
Registration Fees
Other relevant documents

1.Completed form (cost Rs.50) with registration

fee of Rs. 1500 (copy of voucher deposited at
Rastriya Banijya Bank in favour of NEC,
current account no.1093) along with all the
documents mentioned below to be submitted
at NEC office:
Attested copies of academic certificates
(SLCmark sheet, character certificate,
Intermediate level or 10 +2 transcript,
character certificate, BE degree/provisional
certificate, transcript and character
certificate).
Attested copy of Citizenship.
2.The process for permanent registration may
take 30-60 days. Meanwhile if required a
temporary certificate is available after

To maintain high professional

standards and deal with situations,
in
which public safety or welfare may
be
endangered, the disciplinary action
process is formed as follows:
Gathering Evidence of Complaint
Investigation of Complaint

If a professional is found guilty, he/she

shall
have to undergo following actions:
Is asked for further clarification
Right to practice is suspended for
certain period
Right to practice is cancelled
completely
Subject to fine
May be ordered to pass professional
standards examination or complete a

Nepal Engineers' Association is an

independent non profit organization of
Nepalese Engineers. It was established in
1968 AD (2024 BS).
NEA during 1968-1989 was successful in
establishing this very organization. The
organizing of the World Engineering
Congress along with first three national
conventions were major milestones in this
period.

During the past

decade, NEA has
been successful in
construction of its
own building at
Pulchowk behind
UNDP building.
As per the official
website upto 11-102068, there are 13235
members of NEA.

Regional Center
Pokhara Regional Center
Biratnagar Regional Center
Lumbini Regional Center (Butwal)
Birgunj Regional Center
Hetauda Regional Center
Center
International
Mahendranagar Center Center
Dhangadhi Center
Japan Center
Nepalgunj Center
Qatar Center
Bharatpur Center
Bangkok Center
Janakpur Center
Australia Center

To promote development of the

engineering science and technology in
Nepal.
To promote fellowship goodwill and
cooperation assistance among the
Nepalese engineers and safeguard
their rights and interests.
To continuously enhance the highest
professional ideals among the
members and widen it.

1.Completed form with registration fee along

with all the documents mentioned below to be
submitted at NEA office:
Attested copies of academic certificates
(SLCmark sheet, character certificate,
Intermediate level or 10 +2 transcript,
character certificate, BE degree/provisional
certificate, transcript and character
certificate).
Attested copy of Citizenship.
Attested copy of Professional Experience if
any.
PP Photo-1 & Auto Size Photo - 1
2.The process for permanent registration is by
approval from NEA Committee. After 5 years of

Employer /
Owner / Client
(Construction Contract)

(Consultancy
Agreement)
(Report, Notice,
Application)

Contractor

Engineer /
Consultant
(Supervision, Notice, Instruction,
Determination, Approval)

Relationship of engineering
profession to basic science and
technology; relationship to other
professions.
Technology
is the best application of laws of

nature and utilization of the properties of

matters and sources of power by which,
engineers can make new facilities and create
new services so engineering profession has a
deep relationship with basic science and
technology as well as other profession.
Basic Science

Technology

Efficient use of technology

Engineering

New Technology
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2.4 Ethics,Code of Ethics and

Engineering Ethics

"What does Ethics mean to you?"

"Ethics has to do with what my feelings
tell me is right or wrong.
"Ethics has to do with my religious
beliefs.
"Being ethical is doing what the law
requires.
"Ethics consists of the standards of
behavior our society accepts.
"I don't know what the word means."
These replies might be typical of our own.
The meaning of "ethics" is hard to pin down,
and the views many people have about
ethics are shaky.
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69

What, then, is Ethics?

Ethics means two things:
First,

ethics refers to well-founded

standards of right and wrong that
prescribe what humans ought to do,
usually in terms of rights, obligations,
benefits
to
society, fairness,
or
specific virtues

Secondly,

ethics refers to the study

and development of one's ethical
standards. Feelings, laws, and social
norms can deviate from what is ethical

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Ethics
Ethics, it is set of guidelines or rules that
defines acceptances practice & behavior for
group of people.
It is Science of morality and human

character expressed in right or wrong way.

It relates to society & more in a professional

life.

Things that are legal may not be considered

ethical.

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72

Engineering Ethics
It means study of moral value, issues and

decision involved in engineering practice.

It gives positive support motivation for ethical

conduct and set a guidelines with

fundamentals norms.

It serve as legal support for professional,

investigating unethical conduct.

It is privilege earned over the year through

knowledge, experience and trust

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Fundamental Ethical Values for

Code of Ethics
Protection of life and safeguarding people
Sustainable management and care for the

environment

Community well being.

Professionalism, integrity and

competence

Sustaining engineering knowledge.

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Importance of Code of ethics &

Guidelines for Professional Engineering
Practice
1. Code of ethics governs the conduct of
all practitioner.
2. It ensure that engineers
within their expertise.

practice

3. This is a means by which engineers

govern (direct) themselves.
4. It is a privilege earned over the years
through knowledge, experience and trust.
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Fundamental Ethics of Engineer

Engineers shall hold paramount the safety,

health and welfare of the public

Engineers shall perform services only in areas

of their competence.

Engineers shall issue public statements only in

an objective and truthful manner.

Engineers shall act in professional matters for

each employer or client as faithful agents or

trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest.

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Fundamental Ethics of Engineer

Engineers

shall build their professional

reputation on the merit of their services
and shall not compete unfairly with others.

Engineers shall act in such a manner as to

uphold and enhance the honor, integrity,

and dignity of the engineering profession
and shall act with zero-tolerance for
bribery, fraud, and corruption.

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Other Ethics
Relationships

with clients, consultants,

competitors, and contractors
Ensuring legal compliance by clients,
client's contractors, and others
Conflict of interest
Bribery, which also may include: Gifts,
meals, services, and entertainment
Treatment of confidential or proprietary
information
Consideration of the employers assets
Outside
employment/activities
(Moonlighting)
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Moral: It means
pertaining to, or
concerned with
theprinciples or
rules of right
conduct or the
distinction
between right and
wrong.

It is founded on the
fundamental
principles of right
conduct rather than
on legalities,
enactment, or
custom. It means
conforming to the
rules of right conduct
acting on the mind,
feelings, will, or

 Values are the rules by which we make

decisions about right and wrong, should
and shouldn't, good and bad.
Morals have a greater social element to
values and tend to have a very broad
acceptance.
Morals are far more about good and bad
than other values.
We thus judge others more strongly on

Characteristics of Ethical Problems

Ethical

problems

in

managements

are

complex, as most ethical decisions have Extended consequences

Multiple alternatives
Mixed outcomes
Uncertain outcomes
Personal Implications

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Preparation and Revision of Designs,

Drawings and Specifications
Fitness for Purpose
Avoiding Negligent
Knowledge about Bylaws and
Regulations
Proper Examination of Site Conditions
Addressing Employers requirements
Knowledge of Public and Private Rights
Suitability of Materials or Products

Tort is any private or public action, which leads

to loss or damages. For the resulting losses or
damages, compensations can be claimed by the
sufferer.
The objectives of Tort law are:
Transferring cost of damage to the wrong doer
and compensating the sufferer.
Discourage and prevent repetition of harmful
actions.
Providing justice through implementation of
law and rights of victim.

For making a claim under Tort law, the

Plaintiff must be able to prove the
above elements, with adequate
evidence.
The Plaintiff should also take care of:
Damage without Injury
Injury without Damage

 Damage caused while a person is

performing his / her duty under the
law.
Unintentional, without malice and
fault.
Such damages are not actionable.

Injuries without apparent damage,

which are intentional, with malice and
fault.
Include Fraudulent Misinterpretation,

Defamation, Malicious Prosecution,

Disclosing Right of Privacy, Trespassing
etc.
Such causes are actionable.

 Negligence is a part of Tort.

It is the lack of proper care or
attention.
Negligence can be defined as the

omission to do something which a

reasonable person would do or doing
something which a reasonable man

 Responsibility, answerability,
accountability.
An individual is liable under Tort law for
the damages caused by his / her actions.
An employer will always be liable towards
his/her employees and should take
responsibilities for their wrong
doings( Vicarious Liability ).
All partners of business are equally liable

Liability under Contract

Liability under Tort
Liability under Statute

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