AUTOMATIC BREAK IN HILL

STATION

CONTENTS
Introduction
Literature survey
Block diagram
Block diagram description
Advantages
Application
Future scope
conclusion
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INTORDUCTION
The proposed mechanism is to reverse break using ratchet gear. By reverse
locking the differential the differential is disengaged from the axle.

Thus the power is directly transmitted to the axle and hence to the wheels.

This will considerably reduce the power loss in some occasions when
unwanted loss is happening due to the transmission if power from the shaft
to the ratchet gear and then to the axle and hence to the wheels.

So in mechanism the unwanted power loss in the due course of

transmission through the gear wheel is reduced.

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 A ratchet is a device which is used in vehicles over a few

decades and when a vehicle is negotiating a turn, the
outside wheel travels a greater distance and turns faster
than the inside wheel. The ratchet gear is the device
transmitting the power to each wheel, allows one wheel
to turn faster than the other.
Degrees of automation are of two types, viz.

Full automation.
Semi automation.
In semi automation a combination of manual effort and

mechanical power is required whereas in full automation human

participation is very negligible.
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 Inertial sensors have been used in aircraft and navigation systems

for a long time.

It is not until recently that new technology has caused the price and
size of gyroscopes and accelerometers to make them available in
consumer electronics.

Of particular importance is the MEMS (micro-electro-mechanicalsystems) technology that has allowed small, cheap and robust
sensors to enter the market, recent advances in microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technologies have enabled
inertial sensors to become available on the small size and price
scales associated with such commonplace devices as consumer
appliances,.
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 Accelerometers measure the transactional force encountered due

to their acceleration.

To convert this to a velocity this output would need to be integrated

once and to convert this to a position, integrated twice.

Accelerometers can use several different technologies, as shown

below.

I2C protocol is used for interfacing MEMS sensors with micro

controller, Micro controller main functionality is to receive

signals for sensors and process information by taking desired

decision. Applications which use this technology are refrigerators,
operation theaters and microwaves.
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LITERATURE SURVEY
The Bay Area Rapid Transit District (BART), as part of its overall service improvement
program, is implementing a highly flexible turnback complex at its Daly City
terminalstation.

When BART completes this facility and has put its new "C" cars (which can function as
front, rear, or mid-train cars) into service, one of the operational functions

in the turnback area will be thebreak-up and make-up of trains. In order to facilitate this
make-up/break-up process and to minimize the amount of train radio traffic,

a control system is being designed that will assist in theautomaticrouting of trains and
assigning of speed codes in the turnback area. This new system will utilize existing BART
control concepts and equipment as well as upgraded and modified equipment.
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 RESEARCH GAP
The greatest disadvantage of hill holder mechanism is that it
can hold the vehicle in the slope for just two to three
seconds.

Though it avoids rolling back, the driver has to be alert.

Besides this, the system is expensive.

Besides this, the system is expensive.

These shortcomings are identified in hill holder mechanism
and the following problems are faced by the driver while the
vehicle is driven in hill roads
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1. Most of the drivers face difficulties while operating the

brake, clutch and accelerator simultaneously while driving the
car in hill roads.
2. It is not advisable to use the hand brakes while the car is
moving in forward movement.
Schematic representation of
operating the brake, clutch
and accelerator
simultaneously

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BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

The IR TRANSMITTER circuit is to transmite the Infra-Red rays. If
any obstacle is there in a path, the Infra-Red rays reflected.

This reflected Infra-Red rays are received by the receiver circuit is

called IR RECEIVER.

The IR receiver circuir receives the reflected IR rays and giving the
control signal to the control circuit. The control circuit is used to
activate the solenoid valve.

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 If the solenoid valve is activated, the compressed air passes to the Single
Acting Pneumatic Cylinder.

The compressed air activates the pneumatic cylinder and moves the piston
rod. If the piston moves forward, then the breaking arrangement activated.

The breaking arrangement is used to break the wheel gradually or

suddenly due to the piston movement.

The breaking speed is varied by adjusting the valve is called FLOW

CONTROL VALVE.
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WORKING
In this work, Ratchet and Pawl mechanism is identified to arrest the
backward motion to the car. The ratchet is placed in the front drive shaft
and the Pawl is fitted with the frame. When the vehicle is moved in the
hill road, the lever has to make the pawl to touch the ratchet. If the
vehicle tends to move backward direction, the pawl would stop the
ratchet to move Counter Clock-wise direction with respect to front
wheel.

As the vehicle is in neutral position, the pawl engaged the ratchet and
the vehicle did not move inbackward direction. So the hand brakes need
not to be applied. When the vehicle is in moving condition, the
engagement between the ratchet and pawl is detached.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM

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DESIGN OF RATCHET AND PAWL

The mechanism is designed for the loading conditions of
MARUTI Swift DZIRE. The circumference of the front drive shaft
of this car is measured and the diameter is determined as
23.89mm.

The weight and Torque of the MARUTI SWIFT DZIRE car are
1060 Kg and 190N-m, respectively.

SLOPE OF THE ROAD: The steepest road in India is ZOJI PASS

in KASHMIR and the angle of inclination of the road is found to
be 21.80 degrees.

The percentage slope there is about 40 %. The material

considered for ratchet and pawl are
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Three dimensional model of Ratchet & Pawl Mechanism.

Grey cast iron and C45 respectively. Both surfaced are

considered to be hardened. The number of teeth on
ratchet wheel is assumed as 12. The following
parameters are considered for the design of the
mechanism. The three dimensional model of the
mechanism is shown in Figure

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 SHAFT DESIGN
We require 2 shafts in this model i.e. front axle and rear axle.
For that
Shaft material
EN8 Steel
EN8 also know as 080M40. An unalloyed medium carbon steel. EN8 is
a medium strength steel, good tensile strength. Suitable for shafts,
stressed pins, studs, keys etc. AISI 1040.
Available as normalized or rolled. EN8 is supplied as round
drawn/turned, round hot rolled, hexagon, square, flats and plate.

We select shaft of 25 mm diameter size as it is best to suitable for

our prototype.

As there is no bulk load on prototype so the design of 25 mm is safe.

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 BEARING SELECTION
6005 - : Ball Bearing
Number of bearing required for 2 axles = 4
Radial ball bearings consist of an inner and outer ring with a
cage containing a complement of precision balls. The
standard Conrad-type bearing has a deep-groove
construction capable of handling radial and axial loads from
either direction in versatile designs that permit relatively
high-speed operation.

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 RATCHET DESIGN
The mechanism is designed for the loading conditions of
MARUTI Swift DZIRE. The circumference of the front drive
shaft of this car is measured and the diameter is determined
as 23.89mm. The weight and Torque of the MARUTI SWIFT
DZIRE car are 1060 Kg and 190N-m, respectively.

The percentage slope there is about 40 %. The material

considered for ratchet and pawl are

Grey cast iron and C45 respectively. Both surfaced

are considered to be hardened. The number of teeth
on ratchet wheel is assumed as 12. The following parameters
are considered for the design of the mechanism.
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 ANTI ROLL BACK MECHANISM

The fabricated mechanism is fitted in drive shaft for testing
experimentally to check whether the functionality has been
achieved.

The hand driven lever is turned in forward direction, similar to

forward motion of the car, the pawl does not stop the ratchet
to rotate.

The hand lever is turned in opposite direction

similar to the reverse motion of the car in the
hill road, and the pawl stops the rotation of
the ratchet. So, the drive shaft and the wheels
did not rotate.
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ADVANTAGES
Brake cost will be less.
Free from wear adjustment.
Less power consumption
Less skill technicians is sufficient to operate.
It gives simplified very operation.
Installation is simplified very much.
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APPLICATION
Now-a-days every institution needs automation. As a part of
college automation, we have decided to do a project

For automobile application

Industrial application

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CONCLUSION
A ratchet is a device which is used in vehicles over a few
decades and when a vehicle is negotiating a turn, the
outside wheel travels a greater distance and turns
faster than the inside wheel. The ratchet gear is the
device transmitting the power to each wheel, allows
one wheel to turn faster than the other.

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REFERENCES
[1] C. Marven, General-Purpose Tone Decoding and DTMF Detection, in
Theory, Algorithms,

[2] and Implementations, Digital Signal Processing Applications with the

TMS320 Family, Vol. 2,

[3] Literature number SPRA016, Texas Instruments (1990).

[4] J. G. Proakis and D. G. Manolakis, Digital Signal Processing: Principles,
Algorithms, and [5] Applications, 2nd ed., Macmillan, New York, NY (1992).
.http://www.dattalo.com/technical/theory/sinewave.html. [6] Schenker, L
(1960), "Pushbutton Calling with a Two-Group VoiceFrequency Code"
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THANK YOU..
FOR GIVING US YOUR VALUABLE TIME

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