Chapter 3 Hypothesis Testing - Mean One Sample

C H A P T E R THREE
Hypothesis
Testing
Copyright 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Hypothesis
Outline
Testing
CHAPTER
Copyright 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or
display.
Hypothesis
Outline
Testing
CHAPTER
display.
Learning Objectives
1
Understand the definitions used in

hypothesis
testing.
2
3
4
State the null and alternative hypotheses.

Find critical values for the z test.
State the five steps used in hypothesis
testing.
Test means when is known, using the z

test.
Test means when is unknown, using the
display.
Learning Objectives
7
8
Test variances or standard deviations,

using the chi-square test.
Test hypotheses, using confidence
intervals.
display.
Learning Objectives
Bluman Chapter 9
Hypothesis Testing
Three methods used to test hypotheses:
1. The traditional method
2. The P-value method
3. The confidence interval method
Bluman Chapter 8
3.1 Steps in Hypothesis TestingTraditional Method
A statistical hypothesis is a statement about

the value of a population parameter
developed for the purpose of testing. This
statement may or may not be true.
Hypothesis Testing is a procedure, based on
sample evidence and probability theory, used
to determine whether the hypothesis is a
reasonable statement and should not be
rejected, or is unreasonable and should be
rejected.
Bluman Chapter 8
Steps in Hypothesis TestingTraditional Method
The null hypothesis,

hypothesis symbolized by H0, is a
statistical hypothesis that states that there is
no difference between a parameter and a
specific value, or that there is no difference
between two parameters.
The alternative hypothesis,
hypothesis symbolized by
H1, is a statistical hypothesis that states the
existence of a difference between a parameter
and a specific value, or states that there is a
difference between two parameters.
Bluman Chapter 8
Situation A
A medical researcher is interested in finding out whether
a new medication will have any undesirable side effects.
The researcher is particularly concerned with the pulse
rate of the patients who take the medication. Will the
pulse rate increase, decrease, or remain unchanged
after a patient takes the medication? The researcher
knows that the mean pulse rate for the population under
study is 82 beats per minute.
The hypotheses for this situation are
H 0 : 82
H1 : 82
This is called a two-tailed hypothesis test.

Bluman Chapter 8
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Situation B
A chemist invents an additive to increase the life of an
automobile battery. The mean lifetime of the automobile
battery without the additive is 36 months.
In this book, the null hypothesis is always stated using
the equals sign. The hypotheses for this situation are
H 0 : 36
H1 : 36
This is called a right-tailed hypothesis test.
Bluman Chapter 8
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Situation C
A contractor wishes to lower heating bills by using a
special type of insulation in houses. If the average of the
monthly heating bills is $78, her hypotheses about
heating costs with the use of insulation are
H 0 : 78
H1 : 78
This is called a left-tailed hypothesis test.
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Claim
When a researcher conducts a study, he or she is
generally looking for evidence to support a claim.
claim
Therefore, the claim should be stated as the alternative
hypothesis, or research hypothesis.
hypothesis
A claim, though, can be stated as either the null
hypothesis or the alternative hypothesis; however, the
statistical evidence can only support the claim if it is the
alternative hypothesis. Statistical evidence can be used
to reject the claim if the claim is the null hypothesis.
These facts are important when you are stating the
conclusion of a statistical study.
Bluman Chapter 8
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Hypothesis Testing
After stating the hypothesis, the

researchers next step is to design the
study. The researcher selects the
correct statistical test,
test chooses an
appropriate level of significance,
significance and
formulates a plan for conducting the
study.
Bluman Chapter 8
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Hypothesis Testing
A statistical test uses the data

obtained from a sample to make a
decision about whether the null
hypothesis should be rejected.
The numerical value obtained from a
statistical test is called the test value.
value
In the hypothesis-testing situation,
there are four possible outcomes.
Bluman Chapter 8
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Hypothesis Testing
In reality, the null hypothesis may or may
not be true, and a decision is made to
reject or not to reject it on the basis of
the data obtained from a sample.
A type I error occurs if one rejects the
null hypothesis when it is true.
A type II error occurs if one does not
reject the null hypothesis when it is false.
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Hypothesis Testing
Bluman Chapter 8
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Hypothesis Testing
The level of significance is the

maximum probability of committing a
type I error. This probability is
symbolized by (alpha). That is,
P(type I error) = .
Likewise,
P(type II error) = (beta).
Bluman Chapter 8
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Hypothesis Testing
Typical significance levels are:

0.10, 0.05, and 0.01
For example, when = 0.10, there is a

10% chance of rejecting a true null
hypothesis.
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Hypothesis Testing
The critical or rejection region is the range of
values of the test value that indicates that there is a

significant difference and that the null hypothesis
should be rejected.
The noncritical or nonrejection region is the range

of values of the test value that indicates that the
difference was probably due to chance and that the
null hypothesis should not be rejected.
The critical value, C.V.,

C.V. separates the critical region
from the noncritical region.
Bluman Chapter 8
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Hypothesis Testing
Finding the Critical Value for = 0.01 (Right-Tailed Test)
z = 2.3263 for = 0.01 (Right-Tailed Test)

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Hypothesis Testing
Finding the Critical Value for = 0.01 (Left-Tailed Test)
Because of symmetry,
z = 2.3263 for = 0.01 (Left-Tailed Test)
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Hypothesis Testing
Finding the Critical Value for = 0.01 (Two-Tailed Test)
z = 2.5758
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Procedure Table
Finding the Critical Values for Specific Values, Using Table 4
Draw the figure and indicate the appropriate

area.
a.
If the test is left-tailed, the critical

region, with an area equal to , will be
on the left side of the mean.
b.
If the test is right-tailed, the critical

region, with an area equal to , will be
on the right side of the mean.
c.
If the test is two-tailed, must be

divided by 2; one-half of the area
will be to the right of the mean, and
one-half will be to the left of the
mean.
Example 3-1: Using Table 4

Using Table 4, find the critical value(s) for each situation
and draw the appropriate figure, showing the critical
region.
a. A left-tailed test with = 0.10.
Step 1
Draw the figure and indicate the appropriate area.
Step 2
The z value is 1.2816.
Bluman Chapter 8
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region.
b. A two-tailed test with = 0.02.
Step 1
Draw the figure with areas /2 = 0.02/2 = 0.01.
Step 2
The z values are 2.3263 and 2.3263.
Bluman Chapter 8
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region.
c. A right-tailed test with = 0.005.
Step 1
Draw the figure and indicate the appropriate area.
Step 2 The
z value is 2.5758
Bluman Chapter 8
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Procedure Table
Solving Hypothesis-Testing Problems
(Traditional Method)
Step 1 State the hypotheses and identify the

claim.
Step 2 Find the critical value(s) from the
appropriate table.
Step 3 Compute the Test Statistics.
Step 4 Make the decision to reject or not
reject the null hypothesis.
Step 5 Summarize the results.
display.
Types of Test
The type of test is determined by the sign in the alternative hypothesis.
If the alternative hypothesis has a not equal to () sign, the test is twotailed.
If
the alternative hypothesis has a less than (<) sign, the test is lefttailed.
If the alternative hypothesis has a greater than (>) sign, the test is righttailed.
Two-tailed test
Left-tailed test
Right-tailed test
Sign in H0
= or
= or
Sign in H1
<
>
In both tails
In the left tail
In the right tail
Rejection
region
Bluman Chapter 8
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Types of Test
Two-tailed test
/2
/2
C= Critical value
A two-tailed test has rejection

regions in both tails.
A left-tailed test has the rejection
region in the left tail.
A right-tailed test has the rejection
region in the right tail of the
distribution curve.
Left-tailed test
C
Right-tailed test
C
Bluman Chapter 8
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3.2 z Test for a Mean

The z test is a statistical test for the mean of a population.
It can be used when n 30, or when the population is
normally distributed and is known.
The formula for the z test is
X
z
n
where
X = sample mean
= hypothesized population mean
= population standard deviation
n = sample size
Bluman Chapter 8
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Example 3-4: Intelligence Tests

In Pennsylvania the average IQ score is 101.5.
The variable is normally distributed, and the
population standard deviation is 15. A school
superintendent claims that the students in her
school district have an IQ higher than the average
of 101.5. She selects a random sample of 30
students and finds the mean of the test scores is
106.4. Test the claim at a 0.05.
Bluman Chapter 8
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Step 1
State the hypothesis and identify the claim.
Step 2
Find the critical value. Since = 0.05 and the

test is a right-tailed test, the critical value is
z = +1.6449.
Step 3 Compute the test value.
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Step 4
Make the decision. Since the test value, 1.79, is

greater than the critical value, 1.65, the decision
is to reject the null hypothesis.
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Step 5
Summarize the results.

There is enough evidence to support the
claim that the IQ of the students is higher
than the state average IQ.
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Example 3-5: SAT Tests

For a specific year, the average score on the SAT Math
test was 515.* The variable is normally distributed, and the
population standard deviation is 100. The same
superintendent in the previous example wishes to see if
her students scored significantly below the national
average on the test. She randomly selected 36 student
scores, as shown. At a 0.10, is there enough evidence to
support the claim?
496 506 507 505 438 499
505 522 531 762 513 493
522 668 543 519 349 506
519 516 714 517 511 551
287 523 576 516 515 500
243 509 523 503 414 504
Bluman Chapter 8
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Step 1: State the hypothesis .
State the hypothesis and identify the claim.
Step 2: Find the critical value.

Since = 0.10 and the test is a left-tailed test, the
critical value is z = 1.2816.
Bluman Chapter 8
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Step 3: Compute the test value.
Since the exercise gives raw data find the mean
of the data.
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Step 4: Make the decision.
Since the test value, 1.36, falls in the noncritical
region, the decision is to not reject the null
hypothesis.
Step 5: Summarize the results.

There is not enough evidence to support the
claim that the students scored below the
national average.
Bluman Chapter 8
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Example 3-6: Cost of Rehabilitation

The Medical Rehabilitation Education Foundation
reports that the average cost of rehabilitation for
stroke victims is $24,672. To see if the average
cost of rehabilitation is different at a particular
hospital, a researcher selects a random sample of
35 stroke victims at the hospital and finds that the
average cost of their rehabilitation is $26,343.
The standard deviation of the population is
$3251. At = 0.01, can it be concluded that the
average cost of stroke rehabilitation at a particular
hospital is different from $24,672?
Bluman Chapter 8
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Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the
claim.
H0: = $24,672 and H1: $24,672 (claim)
Since = 0.01 and a two-tailed test, the critical
values are z = 2.5758.
Step 3: Find the test value.
X 26, 343 24, 672
z
3.04
3251 35
n
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Reject the null hypothesis, since the test value falls in the
critical region.

There is enough evidence to support the claim that the
average cost of rehabilitation at the particular hospital is
different from $24,672.
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3.3 t Test for a Mean

The t test is a statistical test for the mean of a population
and is used when the population is normally or
approximately normally distributed, is unknown.
The formula for the t test is
X
t
s n
The degrees of freedom are d.f. = n 1.
Note: When the degrees of freedom are above 30, some
textbooks will tell you to use the nearest table value;
however, in this textbook, you should round down to the
nearest table value. This is a conservative approach.
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Small Sample Test of

Hypothesis
for a Population Mean
recall assumptions required)

1.
H0: = 0
Ha: i) > 0 (ii) < 0 (iii) 0
2.
Test statistic:
xx00
tt
ss// nn
3.
Rejection region
Significance level , df = n - 1. For Ha:
i) > 0 ; Reject H0 if t > t
ii) < 0 ; Reject H0 if t < -t
iii) 0 ; Reject H0 if |t| > t/2
4.
Decision Reject Ho or Do not reject Ho
5.
Conclusion State in the context of the problem (where

possible)
Small Samples Hypothesis Test about a Population Mean
Hypothesis
Left-Tailed Test
Rejection region
Reject H0 at
significance level if
-t
t calc t
Two-Tailed Test
-t/2
Right-Tailed Test
t/2
t calc t / 2 or t calc t / 2
t calc t
Example 3-7: Hospital Infections

A medical investigation claims that the average number of
infections per week at a hospital in southwestern
Pennsylvania is 16.3. A random sample of 10 weeks had a
mean number of 17.7 infections. The sample standard
deviation is 1.8. Is there enough evidence to reject the
investigators claim at = 0.05?
Step 1: State the hypothesis.
H0: = 16.3 and
H1: 16.3
The critical values are t = 2.262 and 2.262 for
0.05 and d.f. = 9.
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A medical investigation claims that the average number of
infections per week at a hospital in southwestern
Pennsylvania is 16.3. A random sample of 10 weeks had a
mean number of 17.7 infections. The sample standard
deviation is 1.8. Is there enough evidence to reject the
investigators claim at = 0.05?
Step 3: Find the Test Statistics
X 17.7 16.3
z
2.46
1.8 10
s n
Bluman Chapter 8
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Step 4: Make the decision
Reject the null hypothesis since 2.46 > 2.262.

There is enough evidence to reject the claim that
the average number of infections is 16.3.
Bluman Chapter 8
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Example 3-8: Starting Nurse Salary

According to payscale.com, the average starting salary for a
nurse practitioner is $79,500. A researcher wishes to test the
claim that the starting salary is less than $79,500. A random
sample of 8 starting nurse practitioners is selected, and their
starting salaries (in dollars) are shown. Is there enough
evidence to support the researchers claim at a 0.10? Assume
the variable is normally distributed.
82,000 68,000 70,200 75,600
83,500 64,300 78,600 79,000
Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
At = 0.10 and d.f. = 7, the critical value is 1.415.
Bluman Chapter 8
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Step 3: Find the test value.
Compute the test value. In this case, the mean and standard deviation must be found. Use the formulas in Chapter 3 or your calculator.
X = $75,150 and s = $6,937.68
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Reject the null hypothesis since 1.773 falls in the critical
region.

There is enough evidence to support the claim that the
average starting salary for nurse practitioners is less
than $79,500.
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Exercise 1:
An engineer has designed a television picture tube that
he believes will require 305 microamps of current to
produce a particular brightness level. A random sample
of 12 tubes was found to have a mean current of 317.2
microamps and a standard deviation of 15.7
microamps.
Assume that the distribution of current are normally
distributed.
Is there evidence that the mean current required to
produce the desired brightness contradict the
engineers belief
a) at 5% level of significance?
b) at 1% level of significance?
Bluman Chapter 8
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C H A P T E R THREE

Understand the definitions used in

State the null and alternative hypotheses.

Test means when is known, using the z

Test variances or standard deviations,

3.1 Steps in Hypothesis TestingTraditional Method

A statistical hypothesis is a statement about

Steps in Hypothesis TestingTraditional Method

The null hypothesis,

This is called a two-tailed hypothesis test.

This is called a right-tailed hypothesis test.

This is called a left-tailed hypothesis test.

After stating the hypothesis, the

A statistical test uses the data

The level of significance is the

Typical significance levels are:

For example, when = 0.10, there is a

values of the test value that indicates that there is a

The noncritical or nonrejection region is the range

The critical value, C.V.,

z = 2.3263 for = 0.01 (Right-Tailed Test)

Draw the figure and indicate the appropriate

If the test is left-tailed, the critical

If the test is right-tailed, the critical

If the test is two-tailed, must be

Example 3-1: Using Table 4

Draw the figure and indicate the appropriate area.

The z value is 1.2816.

Example 3-2: Using Table 4

Draw the figure with areas /2 = 0.02/2 = 0.01.

The z values are 2.3263 and 2.3263.

Example 3-3: Using Table 4

Draw the figure and indicate the appropriate area.

Step 1 State the hypotheses and identify the

In the left tail

In the right tail

A two-tailed test has rejection

3.2 z Test for a Mean

Example 3-4: Intelligence Tests

Example 3-4: Intelligence Tests

State the hypothesis and identify the claim.

Find the critical value. Since = 0.05 and the

Step 3 Compute the test value.

Example 3-4: Intelligence Tests

Make the decision. Since the test value, 1.79, is

Example 3-4: Intelligence Tests

Summarize the results.

Example 3-5: SAT Tests

Example 3-5: SAT Tests

Step 2: Find the critical value.

Example 3-5: SAT Tests

Example 3-5: SAT Tests

Step 5: Summarize the results.

Example 3-6: Cost of Rehabilitation

Example 3-6: Cost of Rehabilitation

X 26, 343 24, 672

Example 3-6: Cost of Rehabilitation

Step 5: Summarize the results.

3.3 t Test for a Mean

Small Sample Test of

recall assumptions required)

Decision Reject Ho or Do not reject Ho

Conclusion State in the context of the problem (where