Lecture 1

Prof. Sin-Min Lee

Department of Computer Science
San Jose State University

Tuesday Thursday
10:30 11:45

Your evaluation in this course is determined by:

30%
15%

Class Presentation

10%

Presentation report

5%

Final Exam

30%

Midterm 1: ???
Midterm 2: ??? Midterm 3: ???

Rare

Every
Thursday

Textbook
Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for
Performance, 8th Edition
By William Stallings, Prentice Hall; ISBN-10: 0-13-607373-5

Reference:
Null and Lobur, The Essentials of Computer
Organization and Architecture, Second
Edition
ISBN:
978-0-7637-7956-6

Reference Book
Computer Systems Architecture: A Networking Approach
Author: Rob Williams
Format: Paperback
Publication Date: November 2006
Publisher: Prentice Hall

Good REFERENCEs
1. M. Murdocca and V. Heuring, Computer Architecture
and Organization, an integrated approach,Wiley, 2007.
2. Linda Null and Julia Lobur, The Essentials Of
Computer Organization and Architecture,
2nd edition, Jones and Bartlett Publishers ,2006.

ISBN -10-7637-3769-0

Thetextcoverssuchtopicsasdigitallogic,
datarepresentation,machine-levellanguage,
generalorganization,assemblylanguage
programming,CPUorganization,memory
organization,andinput/outputdevices,aswell
asanewchapteronEmbeddedSystems.

ENIAC - background

Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer

Eckert and Mauchly
University of Pennsylvania
Trajectory tables for weapons
Started 1943
Finished 1946
Too late for war effort

Used until 1955

ENIAC - details

Decimal (not binary)

20 accumulators of 10 digits
Programmed manually by switches
18,000 vacuum tubes
30 tons
15,000 square feet
140 kW power consumption
5,000 additions per second

Whats Computer Architecture?

The attributes of a [computing] system as seen by the programmer,
i.e., the conceptual structure and functional behavior, as distinct
from the organization of the data flows and controls the logic
design, and the physical implementation.
Amdahl, Blaaw, and Brooks, 1964
SOFTWARE

von Neumann/Turing

Stored Program concept

Main memory storing programs and data
ALU operating on binary data
Control unit interpreting instructions from memory
and executing
Input and output equipment operated by control unit
Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies
IAS

Completed 1952

Von Neumann Model

1940s a new model for building computers.
Today we can still see the effect.
Radically different from what went before.
The memory of the computer was to store both
the data to be worked on and the program doing
the work.
The stored program computer concept.

Von Neumann Architecture

CONTROL

INPUT

Data
Control

MEMORY

A.L.U

Address

INPUT > PROCESS >OUTPUT

OUTPUT

Whats Computer Architecture?

1950s to 1960s: Computer Architecture Course
Computer Arithmetic.
1970s to mid 1980s: Computer Architecture Course
Instruction Set Design, especially ISA appropriate for
compilers. (What well do in Chapter 2)
1990s to 2000s: Computer Architecture Course
Design of CPU, memory system, I/O system,
Multiprocessors. (All evolving at a tremendous rate!)

Structure of von Neumann

machine

IAS - details
1000 x 40 bit words
Binary number
2 x 20 bit instructions

Set of registers (storage in CPU)

Memory Buffer Register

Memory Address Register
Instruction Register
Instruction Buffer Register
Program Counter
Accumulator
Multiplier Quotient

Commercial Computers

1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation

UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer)
US Bureau of Census 1950 calculations
Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation
Late 1950s - UNIVAC II
Faster
More memory

Gordon Moore (co-founder of Intel) predicted in

1965 that the transistor density of semiconductor
chips would double roughly every 18 months.
Moore's Law, formulated by
Gordon Moore in 1965, three
years before he helped found
chip maker Intel Corp..

Binary Digits (Bits)

Human
On
1

Only 2
states
possible

On

Off

Off
0

Electronic Electronic
pulse
pulse
present
absent
Positive
magnetic
field

Pitted
Light
Pulse

Negative
magnetic
field
Not
Pitted
No Light
Pulse

}
}
}

readable
symbols

Inside the
computers
memory (RAM)

}
}

Permanently
stored on
disks
Permanently
stored on
CD-ROM
Fiber
Optic
Cable

Chapter 1. Number Base

William George Horner

Born: 1786 in Bristol, England
Died: 22 Sept 1837 in Bath, England
Horner's only significant contribution to mathematics was
Horner's method for solving algebraic equations. It was
submitted to the Royal Society on 1 July 1819 and was
published in the same year in the Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society.
Some years earlier Ruffini had described a similar
method which had won him the gold medal offered by the
Italian Mathematical Society for Science who had asked
for improved methods for numerical solutions to
equations. However neither Ruffini nor Horner was the
first to discover this method as it was known to Zhu Shijie
500 years earlier.

Ch'in Chiu-Shao is a thirteenth century Chinese sage who

around 1247 AD composed the nine sections of
mathematics. He also developed a scheme for the
solution of numerical equations.
The difference between Ch'in Chiu-Shao and Horner's is
that Ch'in Chiu-Shao uses Horner's method of
synthetic division in reverse order
No one noticed that the Chinese had this knowledge for a
long time until Wang Ling and Joseph Needham's paper
on
1. "Horner's Method in Chinese Mathematics
2. F Cajori, Horner's Method of Approximation Anticipated
by Ruffini, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 17 (1911), 409-414.


Horner's method
1819
1786-1837

1247