Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 8
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Chapter Outline
A Definition of Power
Bases of Power
Coercive Power
Reward Power
Legitimate Power
Expert Power
Referent Power
Information Power
Evaluating the Bases of Power
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Chapter Outline
Influence Tactics
Empowerment: Giving Power to
Employees
Definition of Empowerment
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Learning Outcomes
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What is power?
How does one get power?
How does dependency affect power?
What tactics can be used to increase power?
What does it mean to be empowered?
How are power and harassment related?
Why do people engage in politics?
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Dependency
Bs relationship to A when A possesses
something that B needs.
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Bases of Power
1. Coercive Power
Power that is based on fear.
2. Reward Power
Power based on the ability to provide
benefits or rewards to people.
3. Legitimate Power
Power based on relative position in
the organizational hierarchy.
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Bases of Power
4. Expert Power
Power based on a persons experience
and knowledge.
5. Referent Power
You like the person and enjoy doing
things for him or her.
6. Information Power
The person has data or knowledge
that you need.
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Scarcity
A resource must be perceived as scarce.
Non-substitutability
The resource cannot be substituted with
something else.
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Increasing Dependency
How to increase the dependency of
others on you:
Control things viewed as important.
The resources must be viewed as scarce.
The resource must have few or no
substitutes (non-substitutability).
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Influence Tactics
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Rational persuasion
Inspirational appeals
Consultation
Ingratiation
Personal appeals
Exchange
Coalition tactics
Pressure
Legitimating tactics
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Political Skill
The ability to influence others in such a
way as to enhance their own objectives.
Research indicates that:
Politically skilled individuals use influence
tactics more effectively.
Political skills appear to be more effective
when stakes are high.
Politically skilled people are able to exert
influence without others detecting it.
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Characteristics of Empowered
People
Sense of self-determination
Employees are free to choose how to do their
work; they are not micromanaged.
Sense of meaning
Employees feel that their work is important to
them; they care about what they are doing.
Sense of competence
Employees are confident about their ability to
do their work well; they know they can perform.
Sense of impact
Employees believe they can have influence on
their work unit; others listen to their ideas.
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Co-workers
Although co-workers appear to engage in somewhat
less severe forms of harassment than do managers,
co-workers are the most frequent perpetrators of
harassment, particularly sexual harassment, in
organizations.
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Impression Management
The process by which individuals attempt to
control the impression others form of them.
Researchers have compared applicants who
use two distinct approaches in job
interviews
Self promotion: promoting ones
accomplishments
Ingratiation: complimenting the interviewer
and finding areas of agreement
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Global Implications
Views on Empowerment
Perceptions of Politics
Preference for Influence tactics
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Concepts to Skills:
Politicking
1. Frame arguments in terms of
organizational goals.
2. Develop the right image.
3. Gain control of organizational resources.
4. Make yourself appear indispensable.
5. Be visible.
6. Develop powerful allies.
7. Avoid tainted members.
8. Support your manager.
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