Chapter - Electrical Design & Construction

terminals

power interrupter

motor starter
M

L1
M

motor
3 phase
AC

L2
M
L3

step down transformer

start
stop
M
M
**Add in wire numbering**************

Contactors

Main
Breaker

Overload
Transformer

Start
Stop
Terminal Block

L3

L1

L2
start

stop

motor
3 phase
3 phase AC

AC

Standardize voltages
+

48Vdc

24Vdc

PLC Input Cards

I0
com
I0
com
I0

5Vdc

com

PLC Input Card

+
24Vdc

I0
I1
I2
I3

com

current in body (mA)

effect

0-1
1-5
10-20
20-50
50-100
100-300
300+

negligible (normal circumstances, 5VDC)

uncomfortable (normal circumstances, 24VDC)
possibility for harm (normal circumstances, 120VAC)
muscles contract (normal circumstances, 220VAC)
pain, fainting, physical injuries
heart fibrillates
burns, breathing stops, etc.

wire break off

and touches case

Grounding

extra ground
creates a loop
device A

Preferred

device A

ground loop

+V -V
gnd
power
supply

device B

+V
gnd
-V

device B

power
supply

Suppressors
inductive load
output

VDC+/VAC

Uncompensated

VDC-/COM.

common
Control Relay (PLC)

Power supply
inductive load
L

output
C

common
Relay or Triac

+
Vs
-

VAC

Compensating
for AC loads

COM.
Power supply

inductive load
output

common
Relay or Transistor

Power supply

Compensating
for DC loads

Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type

1 - General purpose - indoors

2 - Dirt and water resistant - indoors
3 - Dust-tight, rain-tight and sleet (ice) resistant - outdoors
3R- Rainproof and sleet (ice) resistant - outdoors
3S- Rainproof and sleet (ice) resistant - outdoors
4 - Water-tight and dust-tight - indoors and outdoors
4X - Water-tight and Dust-tight - indoors and outdoors
5 - Dust-tight and dirt resistant - indoors
6 - Waterproof - indoors and outdoors
6P - Waterproof submersible - indoors and outdoors
7 - Hazardous locations - class I
8 - Hazardous locations - class I
9 - Hazardous locations - class II
10 - Hazardous locations - class II
11 - Gas-tight, water-tight, oiltight - indoors
12 - Dust-tight and drip-tight - indoors
13 - Oil-tight and dust-tight - indoors

Factor

3R 3S 4

4X 5

6P 11 12 12K 13

Prevent human contact

falling dirt
liquid drop/light splash
airborne dust/particles
wind blown dust
liquid heavy stream/splash
oil/coolant seepage
oil/coolant spray/splash
corrosive environment
temporarily submerged
prolonged submersion

x
x

x
x
x

x
x

x
x

x
x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x

x
x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x

x
x
x

x
x
x

x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x

x
x

more sensitive

category 1
AC power lines
high power AC/DC IO
category 2
analog IO signals
low power AC/DC IO
remote communications

category 3
low voltage dc power
local communications
more noisy

Fail safe design

Normally open/closed switches
Hardware