BUILDING

CONSTRUCTION

REPORT ON BIPV

P.MANOJ
KUMAR
1130100373
B.ARCH ,
SEC:A
SEM: 6TH

PHOTOVOLTAIC
Photovoltaic (PV) or solar electric modules are solid state devices that convert solar
radiation directly into electricity with no moving parts, requiring no fuel, and creating virtually
no pollutants over their life cycle.
Traditionally, PV modules or PV arrays have been mounted on special support structures.
However, they can also be mounted on buildings, or even be made an integral part of the
building envelope thus creating a natural onsite link between the supply and demand of
electricity.
From an architectural, technical and financial point of view, PV in buildings today

does not require any extra land area and can be utilized also in densely populated areas,
does not require any additional infrastructure installations,
can provide electricity during peak times and thus reduce the utilitie's peak delivery
requirements,

may reduce transmission and distribution losses,

may cover all or a significant part of the electricity consumption of the corresponding
building,

may replace conventional building materials and thus serve a dual role which enhances
pay back considerations,
Cell
structure:

can
provide an improved aesthetic appearance in an innovative way,
The basic element in the photovoltaic module is the

can be integrated with the maintenance, control and operation of the other installations
solar cell which absorbs sunlight and converts it
and systems
in the building,
directly
into electricity.
can provide
reduced
Section
of a silicon
solarplanning
cell. (b) costs
Schematic of a cell,
showing top contacts.
The solar cell consists of a thin piece of semiconductor
material, which in most cases is silicon.
A semiconductor is an element, whose electrical
properties lie between those of conductors and
insulators, making it only marginally conductive for
electricity.
Through a process called "doping" a very small amount of impurities is added to the
semiconductor, thus creating two different layers called n-type and p-type layers. Between
these two layers a p-n junction is created which is of great importance for the function of
the solar cell.
The light passes through a "window layer" which is thin and therefore absorbs only a small
fraction of it. The major part of the light is absorbed in the absorber layer where it creates
free electrons that can flow through a wire connected Types
to both
ofsides
Photovoltaic
of the cell.
Systems

Types of photovoltaic cells

Crystalline solar cells
Thin-film solar cells

Grid-connected systems
Stand-alone systems

Direct use systems

Considerations in designing building envelopes for PV

During the design stage, both the technical and aesthetic characteristics of the PV module
must be
Considered in order to arrive at a satisfactory integration of PV into the building as a whole.

BUILDING-INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAICS
WHAT ARE BUILDING-INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAICS (BIPV):

These are building materials used as building envelopes such as roofs,

curtain walls, windows , facades , etc.. Made of photovoltaic cells .
They are replacing the conventional methods and are increasingly being
incorporated into the construction of new buildings as a principal or
ancillary source of electrical power, although existing buildings may be
retrofitted with similar technology.
The advantage of integrated photo
voltaics over more common nonintegrated systems is that the initial cost
can be offset by reducing the amount
spent on building materials and labor that
would normally be used to construct the
part of the building that the BIPV modules
replace.
APPLICATIONS
OF BIPV:
Flat roofs:
The most widely installed to date is an amorphous thin film solar cell
integrated to a flexible polymer module which has been attached to the
roofing membrane using an adhesive sheet between the solar module
backsheet and the roofing membrane.
Pitched roofs:
Modules shaped like multiple roof tiles.
Solar shingles are modules designed to look and act
like regular shingles, while incorporating a flexible thin
film cell. It extends normal roof life by protecting
insulation and membranes from ultraviolet rays and
water degradation. It does this by eliminating
condensation because the dew point is kept above the
roofing
Facade:
membrane.
Facades can be installed on existing buildings, giving
old buildings a whole new look. These modules are
mounted on the facade of the building, over the
existing structure, which can increase the appeal of
the building and its resale value.
Glazing:
(Semi)transparent modules can be used to
replace a number of architectural elements
commonly made with glass or similar
materials, such as windows and skylights.

Transparent photovoltaic cells:

Transparentsolar panels use atin oxidecoatingon the inner surface

of the glass panes to conduct current out of the cell. The cell contains
titanium oxide that is coated with aphotoelectricdye. the innovative
new solar cell also uses ultraviolet radiation. Used to replace
conventional window glass, or placed over the glass, the installation
surface area could be large, leading to potential uses that take
advantage of the combined functions of power generation, lighting
and temperature control.
Another name for transparent photovoltaics is
translucentphotovoltaics (they transmit half the light that falls on
them). Similar to inorganic photovoltaics,organic photovoltaicsare
also capable of being translucent

WALLS AND FACADES :

There are two basic curtain wall framing systems in common use:
pressure plate:
In pressure plate systems, the glazing unit is mechanically held from
the front by a plate with an extruded cover or 'cap'.
In pressure plate systems, the mullion cap depth must be kept to a
minimum to avoid adverse shadowing on PV cells.
structural silicone glazing:
Structural silicon glazing glues some or all of the glazing edges to the
framing systems.
Alternatively, flush application of a structural silicon seal between PV
glazing units eliminates shadowing effects but increases weather seal
and durability problems for PV panel edges.
To minimize sealing problems, or to capture heat from the PV
modules, it may make sense to fabricate a double wall envelope,
where the PV glazing is the external, unsealed layer and the inner
layer may be the weather tight enclosure.
Optimizing PV panel performance in building wall applications may
require complex detailing and therefore higher construction costs in
order to accommodate optimal orientations to the sun.

ADE SYSTEMS
des have significant potential .much PV cladding can be considere
anes of glass to which PV cells are applied and so the extensive e
ience of glazed facads can be built upon.in additional ,modules can
rporated into other proven systems such as rain screen cladding

N WALLING SYSTEM
are well established technology used un numerous projects .examp
ullion /transform stick system is the most common .vision areas are
ly double-glazed and non vision areas are either opaque glass or in
panels .pv modules can be incorporated easily as factory assemble
units .the outer panel must be laminated glass PV RESIN GLASS an
glass ,with a sealed air gap between ;the overall thickness of the m
typically be under 30mm.numerous design options are available .f
de could consist of a combination of glazed area for vision and opaq
uld have PV modules

 the overall thickness of the

module
would typically be under
30mm.numerous design
options are available .for
example ,
A faade could consist of a
combination of glazed area
for vision and opaque PV
panels
Or it could have PV modules

Rain screen cladding

systems normally
consist of panels set
slightly off from the
building to allow for
drainqge and
ventilation.as such they
are very suitable for Pv
integration.
the ventilation gap has
the benefitial effect of
reducing
temperatures,thus
enhancing
performance ;it also
provdes space for cable
routes

 A building oriented for day lighting ,passive solar gain and

free of over shaping is eminently suitable for PVS.similarly
,a footprint with long axis running east west thus giving
alarge south facing roof is advantageous for PVS