Social Movements Matter,

Edited by Marco Giugni, Doug

McAdam and Charles Tilly
Civil Society & World Politics
Group-A

ChapterNo.

Introduction

PresenterName

Zain-ul-Abideen

ChapterName

How Social Movements Matter: Past Research,

Present Problems, Future Developments

Pages

xiii-xxxiv

Zain-ul-Abideen

Social Movements and Public Policy

3-21

SaleemT.M.
Alam

Making an Impact: Conceptual and Methodological

Implications of the Collective Goods Criterion

22-41

SamanShah

The Impact of Social Movements and Political

Institutions: A Comparison of the Introduction of
Direct Legislation in Switzerland and the United
States

42-65

Chapter PresenterName
No.

ChapterName

Pages

NisarMuhammad

Protest, Protesters, and Protest Policing:

Public Discourses in Italy and Germany
from 1960s to the 1980s

66-96

SajidIqbal

Political Protest and Institutional Change:

The Anti-Vietnam War Movement and
American Science

97-118

AsifRaja

The Biological Impact of Activism

119-148

Chapter PresenterName ChapterName

No.

Pages

7-10

149-270

Abdul Sattar

PartII:ComparativePerspectives
Feminist Politics in a Hostile Environment:
Obstacles & Opportunities
How the Cold War Was Really Won: The Effects
of the Antinuclear Movements of the 1980s
The Impact of environments in Western Societies
Ethnic and Civic Conceptions of Nationhood and
the Differential Success of the Extreme Right in
Germany and Italy

Conclusion (From Interactions to Outcomes in Social

Movements)

How Social Movements Matter: Past Research,

Present Problems, Future Developments
Washington March August 28, 1963
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom"
Result: The Civil Rights Act passed by Congress
Banned racial discrimination in public facilities and in
voting rights

Consequences of Social Movements

Impacts of the Civil rights and Social movements
Conceptual, theoretical, and Empirical implications
Peaceful and diverse masses
Disruptive tactics (sit-ins, violence and civil disobedience)
Internal versus External Explanations (importance of
organizational Variables)

Analyzing Social Movements

Theoretical level: Which aspects of society can social
movements modify and how?
Empirical level: What impact have contemporary social
movements had in different countries?
Effectiveness and Success of Social
Movements
Disruptive tactics (Gamson's study) or Moderate actions
(Taft and Ross Study of Labor Union Conflict 1968)

Social Movements and Public Policy

Paul Burstein
Social Movements and Democratic Politics
Movements that challenge national governments
Role of the democratic political process & Public Policy
Social Movement Organizations, Interest Groups, and
Political Parties

Direct Impact of Interest

Organizations
Interest organizations Usually Fail
Direct impact hypothesis:
The greater and more persistent the majority favoring a
particular policy, and the more important the issue to
that majority, as perceived by legislators, the smaller the
direct impact of interest organizations on legislative
action.

SOCIAL MOVEMENT IN GREAT

BRITAIN, BY: CHARLES TILLY
Chapter2:Inventionsofsocial
movements
Instructor:Dr.EjazHussain
Presentedby:SaleemAzam

SocialmovementingreatBritain
1768-2004

THE MAIN REASONS OF SOCIAL

MOVEMENT

Inventionsofthesocialmovements
PoliticalstruggleofJohnwilkes
Politicalcampaignofpublic
Thedifferenteventsorsituationsarebecomingacauseofinventionsofsocial

movements

Thecauseofinventionsofsocialmovement
Public&Alliances:Mainelementofsocialmovement
Civilwarorrebelliousactivities1640-1692
Radicalclaimsinthenameofreligionfight

BetweenprotestantandCatholics
Protestviolentlywithoutgovtauthorization
ThiswecanseeinthecaseofJohnWilkiein
17century
WUNAC:worthiness,unity,numbers,commitment

Leaders
Leaderisonewhoturnpublic
Towardsacauseorsocial
Movemente.gjohnwilkie.

EconomicReasons&SocialMovement
TAX:BritishgovtimposedheavytaxonTRADERS&PUBLIC
Protestede.gsonsofliberty

Lackofwealth
Highrateofinflation

Warandtheelementsofsocialmovement
Thegovtisengageinwar,7years(1756-1763)
France&UKhadwarinhighseas,AsiaandacrossAmerica.
BritaintookmanyareasfromFrance(Canda,India)
Bothhiredpeopleasasoldier
Bothwereusingeconomicresourcestoestablishmilitary
Torecoupexpensesputtax,stampacts
PUBLIC&BUSINESSCOMMUNITYREJECTEDTAXANDSTAMPACT1760

Plitical&ECONOMICCOTEXT

Fourcatchwords
1. War
2. Parliamentarization
3. Capitalization
4. proletraianization

THANKYOU!

TheImpactofSocial
MovementsonPolitical
Institutions:AComparisonofthe
IntroductionofDirectLegislation
inSwitzerlandandtheUnited
States
Presented by: Saman
Registration No.: 24257
MPhil IDS

TheParadigmaticShiftandItsFrenchModel
Inthecaseofdirectdemocracy,theshift
wasfromtheoldparadigmtothenew
paradigm.
Representative government to direct
legislation by the people
Theoriginofthenewparadigmgobackto
twosuccessiveconstitutionsofThe
FrenchRevolution.
Girondists (Feb. 1793) and Montagnards
(June 1793)

TheNewParadigminSwitzerland
andUS
DemocraticmovementinSwitzerland1860
Populistmovement-1880,Progressive
movement-20thcenturyinUS

TheCrisis
Thesocialmovementaremorelikelytobesuccessfulinthe
periodsofcrisis(Economiccrisis).
BothUSandZurichfindtheproblemintherepresentative
democracy.
Theylostthefaithonthem.
Bothsoughttoovercomethedeficienciesbytheintroductionof
direct-democraticprocedures.
Theymobilizedagainsttheboss,themoney,andcorruption.

TheconditionsinwhichDemocratic
Movementsgetsuccessful
Federalism
Thelackofinstitutionalizationofthestate
Thedivisionofpoliticalelite

Thankyou

Protest, Protesters, and protest policing:

Public Discourses in Italy & Germany from
1960s to the 1980s
By: Donatella delta Porta
PRESENTER NAME: NISAR MUHAMMAD
PROGRAM: M.PHIL ( IDS)
ID: 22148

Public Discourse on protest and the effects of

social Movements

Socialmovementsarecrucialactorsintheprocessofsocialandpoliticalchange.

Itisamajorvectorforthearticulationofunderrepresentedpoliticalinterests.

Socialmovementsproposeanewconceptionofdemocracywhereincitizens
influencedecisionmakersasmorethanelectors.

Inthisarticletheauthoranalyzeaparticularfieldinwhichsocialmovements
contributedtoanenlargementoftheconceptionofdemocracy:thepublic
discourseontheprotestandthepolicingofprotest.

themaineffectsofsocialmovementsinthelastfewdecadeshasbeenachange
inthesharedconceptionofthelegitimatewaystoprotestaswellasthe
legitimatewaysforthestatetocontrolprotest.

Protestisapoliticalresourceusedbythosewhodonothavedirectaccessto
policymakinginordertomobilizeinfluentialpublicopinion.

useillegalformsofaction(e.g.,blockadesandoccupations).

Thearticlefocusesonthepublicdiscourseonprotest,protesters,andprotest
policingduringtheevolutionoftheleft-libertarianmovementfamily,asetof
homogeneousmovementsthatemergedinthe1960s.

proteststartedwithsymbolicallyinnovativetacticsandthenshiftedtomass
actionsthatsometimesescalatedinviolentforms;whenmassmobilization
declined,themovementswentbacktomoreinstitutionalformsofcollective
action,whilesmallgroupsresortedtomoreradicalformsofaction.

Aanalyzethepublicdiscoursesusingoneofthebetter-developedconceptsfora
culturalapproachtomovements:thatofframe.

AccordingtoGoffman(1974),framesareinterpretativeschemesthatthevarious
actorsuseinordertomakesenseoftheirworld.

Framescanbedistinguishedaccordingtotheirfunctions;definingaproblem,giving
solutions,providingmotivationsforaction,statingidentities,attributingblame.

TheauthorusefourtypesofframessuchasProtagonist,antagonist,diagnosisand
prognosis

Thefirsttwoframessetidentities.Andidentitiesthatrangefromcollaborativeto
conflictual.

Theothertwoframesrefertodefinitionofproblemandsolutions.

Frames

Theprotagonistfielddefinitionrefersto"thoseindividualsandcollectivities
whoareidentifiedasprotagonistsinthattheyadvocateorsympathizewith
movementvalues,beliefs,goals,andpractices,orarethebeneficiariesof
movementaction.

Conversely,theantagonistfielddefinitionrefersto"personsand
collectivitieswhoareseenasstandinginoppositiontotheprotagonists
efforts,

TheDiagnosticframesidentifyeventsorconditionsasproblematicandin
needofameliorationandsingleouttheculpableagents;

prognosticframesthatspecifywhatshouldbedoneandbywhom,defining
atthesametimespecifictargets,strategies,andtactics.

Overall sketch of the chapter

Tosingleouttheevolutionofmetaframesonprotestandprotestpolicing
Recearchcoverlonghistoricalperiodfrom1960sto1990s.

Involvescrossnationalcomparison(ItalyandGermany).

Bothcountriesoffermixtureofsimilaritiesanddifferences.

Similarities : Insize,degreeofmodernization,politicalinstitutionsandlong
experiencesofauthoritativeregimesandstrongsocialmovements.

Differences: Inpartysystem,thealternationofgovernmentalcoalitionsand
institutionalizationofindustrialrelation

Actofdemocratizationprocessdevelopedinbothcountrieswithasimilar
timing.

Thirditanalyzedprotestandprotestpolicingandfocusingononeparticular
formofprotestThemarch.

Fourththedebatesisanalyzesintwoarenasthatisthemassmedia
andtheparliament.

Thewholeanalysisareorganizedintothreepartsi.eafirst,asecond
andathirdwaveofprotestandprotestpolicing.

Sixprotestcampaignoftheleftlibertarianmovementsareanalyzed.

Thefirstescalationofstudentsmovementinthelate1960s(1967in
Germanyand1968inItaly).

Aviolentcampaignofyouthautonomousmovement(1977in
Italyand1982inGermany).

AndViolenteventsinvolvingresidualautonomousgroupsinthelate
1980s

Protest and protest Discourse. A summary

Thepoliticaldiscoursefocusedonthemetaissueofdemocracy.

Socialmovementspolarizedthepoliticalandsocialforces.

Throughinteractiveprocess,socialmovementsstimulatedapoliticaldiscussionon
theconceptionofprotestrightscontributingtochangeinpoliticalculture.

Inthepoliticaldiscourseonprotesters,thecontrolofprotestandprotestrights
Identitiesframes(bothprotagonistandantagonistframes)switchedfrompolitical
ones(progressiveversusconservative)toManicheanones(goodversusevil)and
thentopragmaticones.

Forlawandordercoalitions,demonstratorsinthe1960swerepuppetofan
internationalmenace(externaloneinGermanyandInternaloneinItaly).

Duringsecondwavethepoliticalimagefadedawayleavingspaceforthelabel

Inthethirdwave,violentdemonstratorsbecameincreasinglyconceivedassociallymarginal
people.

Forcivilrightscoalitions,thegovernmentandpoliceinthesecondwavewereenemiesoflong
lastingwar.Whileinthethirdtheseweresimplyunpreparedtosolvesocialproblems.

Polarizationbetweenthegoodimageofalargepartofthedemonstratorsandbadimageof
minority.

Peacefulprotestwasincreasinglyconsideredtobenormalpolitics,violentprotesttobecrime.

Inthediagnosticframesthereisanevolutionfromametaphorofpoliticalconflicttometaphorof
warandthentometaphorofdisease.

Violentprotestcametobeseenassortofwar.

Intheprognosticframestheseseemstobeashiftfromreformsandrepressionto
militarysolution.Asforpolicetasks,theemphasisshiftedfromlawenforcement
topeacekeepingandfromforcetointelligenceandspecialization.

Inbothcountriesashiftfromaformalisticviewofdemocracyastherightof
majoritytoamoreparticipatoryconceptionofdemocracy.

Weconcludethattheevolutionmovementsfamiliesbroughtimportantchanges
intheframesthatrefertodemonstrationrights.

AccordingtoSnowandBenfordshypothesisThatcyclesofprotestbringabout
innovativemasterframes.Oneofthemaininnovativemasterframesrefersto
democracyitself.

THANK YOU

Political Protest and

Institutional Change:
The Anti-Vietnam War Movement and American
Science
Kelly Moore
Sajid Iqbal
(presenter)

Conditions for institutions changes

1. The existence of disruptive challenges
(disturbances) for institutional working
2. Institutional vulnerability
3. Mediators--- simultaneous part of both institutions
and movements

Protest and institutional

vulnerability
Question:
Why science was vulnerable to the
challenges by anti- Vietnam war
activists in 1960s and 1970s?
1. rapid growth in scientific organization
2. Infusion of money and members
3. Diffused institution lack of
centralized control over members
4. Link between client and professional

5. Institution alliance with state resulted

in increased funding and political power
WHAT CHANGES WHEN INSTITUTIONS
CHANGE?
When institution become vulnerable for
protests, then these protests can change
its routinized organization rules and
Assumptions that shape who can do
what in regard to a subject.(mediators
as catalysts)

Science in post World War II America:

New opportunities- new vulnerabilities
Discovery of atomic energy and weapons
Increased funding to scientific research
Enhanced collaborations among science,
state and universities
In the1960s,more people began to
challenge this arrangement, asking
whether or not the tie between science,
the state, and universities was morally
correct, democratic, or in the National
interest.

The anti- Vietnam war and science

United States had been involved in fighting
nationalist Vietnamese forces on behalf of France.
1965, President Johnson dramatically increased
bombing Of North Vietnam.
American people started opposing military
science alliance
Students targeted military recruitment program
and research laboratories

 Between 1965 and 1970 on at least

Eleven major college campuses, 6
military-supported research buildings and
Laboratories were sites of anti war
protest and were associated with some of
The most dramatic events of the period:
More generally, protesters considered the
war foolish, cruel, and stupid,
perpetuated by authoritiesincluding
scientistswho were out of touch with
citizens

Conclusion
Innovative and disruptive action, and the use Of
allies who can act as mediators to translate goals
and to pressure institutional leadersis more
likely to lead to collective benefits for challengers.
Outcome of these movements were that the rules
of science were changed they linked policies
with the public interest at large.

HOW SOCIAL
MOVEMENTS MATTER
The Biographical Impact of
Activism

Doug McAdam

Flow of Article

Biographical consequences of individual activism

Broader Life-Course impact of movement activity
Randomized national survey
Key variables
Conclusion

Activism
Taking action to effect social change
Can occur in a numereous ways and in a
variety of forms. Often it is concerned with
'how to change the world' through social,
political, economic or environmental change

The Author Has

Distinguished between two very different
kinds of demographic effects of social
movement activity
First
biographical consequences that appear to follow from
sustained individual activism

Second (potentially more consequential)

Role of movements as sources of aggregate-level
change in life-course patterns

The Biographical Consequences of

Individual Activism
The question asked in USA Where are 1960s radicals today
Image of former 60s radical as opportunistic yuppie (examples of
former activists Jerry Rubin and Eldridge Cleaver)
Their earlier radicalism can be largely written off as a product of
youthful immaturity and faddishness
No more than 2 to 4 percent of the generation took an active part in
any of the movements from mid to late 1960s
Follow up studies carried out to examine the impact of movement
participation by many scholars (Jay Demerath, Gerald Marwell,
Michael Aiken, James Fendrich, Kent Jennings, Richard Niemi, Alberta
Nassi, Stephen Abramowitz, Jack Whalen, and Richard Flacks)

Methodological
Shortcomings

Timings of research
Small no of subjects involved
Failure to make use of non activist control groups
Studies also lack "before and after" data on the
activists

Methodological
Shortcomings
Subjects in these studies displayed a
marked consistency in their values
and politics over the course of their
biographies: continued to espouse leftist political
attitudes
remained active in contemporary
movements or other forms of political
activity
concentrated in teaching or other
"helping professions

Methodological
Shortcomings
All of this underscores the
central point of this survey: that
intense and sustained activism
should be added to that fairly
select list of behavioral
experiences

The Broader Life-Course Impact of

Movement Activity
Life course theory, refers to an approach developed in the 1960s for
analyzing people's lives within structural, social, and cultural
contexts
Central goal
to assess the relationship between people's political experiences
and orientations" during the 1960s and 1970s and their
subsequent life-course choices
The period in question marked by widespread political and
cultural turbulence and growing deviation from the normative
conventions that had previously structured the life-course

Randomized National
Survey
Randomized national survey of U.S.
residents born between 1943 and 1964
2,253 subjects identified
By usual social-science standards,
receiving responses from 53% of those to
whom questionnaires were mailed is
marginally acceptable
26.0% of the sample claimed to be liberal,
32.8% moderate, 41.2% conservative

Key Variables
Data generated from the questionnaire included
detailed life-course histories, various measures of
subjects' political experiences and orientations
during formative adolescent and young adult years
Respondents asked whether they ever participated in
"political demonstrations" in connection with any of :
civil rights
opposition to the war in Vietnam
the women's movement

Key Variables
Certain life-course outcomes as "deviations" from
previously "normative" patterns designated
NOKIDSsubject has no children (biological or adopted)
COHABITsubject lived with a sexual partner before
marrying for the first time
NEVERWEDsubject has never been married

Results
Three types of analysis: simple bivariate
comparison, logistic regression, and hazard
rate analysis

Steps for Testing Hypothesis

Calculate descriptive
statistics
Calculate an inferential
statistic
Find its probability
(pvalue)
Based onpvalue, accept
or reject the null

pvalue

The reason for calculating an inferential statistic is to get apvalue(p=

probability). Thepvalue is the probability that the samples are from
thesamepopulationwith regard to the dependent variable(outcome). Usually,
the hypothesis we are testing is that the samples (groups) differ on the outcome.
Thepvalue is directly related to thenull hypothesis
Thepvalue determines whether or not we reject the null hypothesis. We use it to
estimate whether or not we think the null hypothesis is true. Thepvalue
provides an estimate of how often we would get the obtained result by chance, if
in fact the null hypothesis were true
If thepvalue is small, reject the null hypothesisand accept that the samples are
truly different with regard to the outcome
If thepvalue is large, accept the null hypothesisand conclude that the
treatment or the predictor variable had no effect on the outcome

Null Hypothesis
In Null Hypothesis (H 0), the researcher
tries to disprove, reject or nullify
The 'null' often refers to the common
view of something, while the
alternative hypothesis is what the
researcher really thinks is the cause of
a phenomenon

Conclusions
Findings suggest two important implications:
First- Concerns with specific set of influences that
shaped the restructuring of the life-course we associate
with the baby-boom cohorts
Second- While social movement scholars have long
assumed the potency of social movements as vehicles
of social change, rarely have they sought to study their
long-term effects systematically

Conclusions
Some kinds of consequences accorded more
attention while others have received less
Bulk of work on movement outcomes has been
focused on the political institutional impacts that
have followed from movement activity
Less attention has been paid to the wide range of
unintended social or cultural consequences

Conclusions
0
Failed to provide any systematic empirical sense
of the processes that have shaped the emergence
of broader set of life-course options, and
especially the role that the political and cultural
movements of the 1960s appear to have played
in this process
Encouraged to pay more attention not only to the
impact of social movements on the structure and
timing of the life-course but also to the role of
life-course dynamics in shaping both the onset of
protest cycles and the ebb and flow of individual
activism
Only by combining the theoretical insights and
empirical methods of both fields can scholars

Thanks

Part-II
Comparative Perspectives
Abdul Sattar

7- Feminist Politics in a Hostile Environment:

Obstacles & Opportunits

8- How the Cold War Was Really Won: The Effects

of the Antinuclear Movements of the 1980s

9- The Impact of environments in Western

Societies

10- Ethnic and Civic Conceptions of Nationhood and the

Differential Success of the Extreme Right in Germany and Italy

Conclusion:
From Interactions to Outcomes in
Social Movements

THANK YOU!