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Lecture # 1
Course Title : Electrical Circuit Analysis
1(EEE121)
Course Instructor: Syed Usama Yunas
Office: Room 24, Department of Electrical
Engineering
Contact email: usamayunas@ciit-attock.edu.pk

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Engineering Department

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Circuit Variables

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Engineering Department

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Introduction to Electrical Engineering

Helps to produce, transmit and measure electrical

signals.
Helps to produce systems that meet our real life
needs.
There are four major categories of electrical
systems
Communication Systems (television equipment, radio
telescopes, Satellite systems, radar systems and telephone
systems).
Computer Systems (calculators, personal computers and
supercomputers).
Control Systems (controlling temperatures, pressures
and flow rates in refineries; mechanisms in doors, lights
and elevators; automatic systems like autopilot and autolanding).
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Signal
Systems
(image processing systems
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The International System of Units

The International System of Units is used by all

major engineering societies most engineers
through out the world.
The SI units are based on seven defined quantities,
listed with their basic units and symbols in the
Quantity
Symbol
following table Basic Unit
Length

Meter

Mass

Kilogram

kg

Time

Second

Electric current

Ampere

Thermodynamic
temp

Degree Kelvin

Amount of
substance

Mole

mol

Luminous intensity

Candela

cd

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Standardized Prefixes

Some standardized prefixes used by engineers are

as follows,
Prefix

Symbol

Power of 10

tera

1012

giga

109

mega

106

kilo

103

milli

10-3

micro

10-6

nano

10-9

pico

10-12

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Electric Charge

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Electric charge is the most fundamental concept in

ECA.
Charge is bipolar, either can be negative or
positive. For example, electrons have negative
charge and protons have positive charge.
Charge exists in discrete quantities which are
integral multiples of electronic charge, 1.6022x1019
C. A single electron has negative charge of
-1.6022x10-19 C and single proton has a positive
charge of 1.6022x10-19 C.
Electrical effects are attributed due to the
separation and motion of charges.

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Current

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The electrical effect caused by the charges in

motion is called electrical current.
Electrical current depends upon the rate of flow of
charge and can be expressed as,
i = dq/dt
where i = current in amperes
q = charge in coulombs
t = time in seconds

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Voltage

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When positive and negative charges are

separated, energy is required.
Voltage is defined as the energy per unit charge
created by the separation and can be expressed
as,
v = dw/dq
where v = voltage in volts
w = energy in joules
q = charge in coulombs

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Ideal Basic Circuit Element

An ideal basic circuit element has the following attributes:

1. It has only two terminals which are points of connection
to other circuit components.
2. It is described using current and voltage.
3. It cannot be subdivided into sub elements.
The polarity reference is used for the voltage is indicated by
plus and minus sign. The direction reference is used for the
current is indicated by the current sign. Both references for
voltage and current can be summarized as follows,

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Passive Sign Convention

Passive sign convention states that
Whenever the reference direction for the
current in an element is in the direction of
reference voltage drop, use a positive sign
convention to related voltage and current
otherwise use a negative sign

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Power and Energy

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The useful output from the system is

conventionally expressed in terms of power and
energy.
Power is the time rate of expanding or absorbing
energy. For example, a water pump rated 75kW
can deliver more litres per second than the one
rated 7.5 kW.
Mathematically, power can be expressed in terms
of energy and time as
p = dw/dt
where p = power in watts
w = energy in joules
t = time in seconds
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Power and Energy(continued)

In terms of voltage and current, power can be

expressed as
p = dw/dt
p = (dw/dq) x (dq/dt)
p = vi
where p = power in watts
v = voltage in volts
i = current in amperes

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Power and Energy(continued)

If power is positive, power is being delivered to the

circuit inside the box. If power is negative, power is
being extracted from the circuit inside the box.
Using passive sign convention, power can be
expressed in the following four ways

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Basic Circuit Elements

Five basic circuit elements are

1. Voltage sources
2. Current sources
3. Resistors
4. Inductors
5. Capacitors
which can be classified on the basis of energy
generation as,
Active Elements: Circuit elements capable of
generating electrical energy are called active
elements. For example, voltage and current
sources.
Passive Elements: Circuit elements that cannot
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Electrical
generate
energy
called passive
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Voltage and current sources

Basically electrical source is a device that is

capable of converting nonelectrical energy to
electric energy or vice versa.
For example, discharging battery coverts chemical
energy to electrical energy. On the other hand,
charging battery converts electrical energy to
chemical energy.
Ideal Voltage Source:
Ideal voltage source is a circuit element that
maintains a prescribed voltage across its terminal
regardless of the current flowing in those terminal.
Ideal Current Source:
Ideal current source is a circuit that maintains a
prescribed current through its terminals regardless
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of the
voltage across those terminals.
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Voltage and current sources(continued)

Ideal voltage and current sources can be further
described as either independent sources or
dependent sources.
Independent sources:
These sources maintain a voltage or current in a
circuit without depending on any other voltage
and current source.
The circuit symbol for independent voltage and
current sources is shown below,

(a) Independent Voltage Source

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(b) Independent
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Voltage and current sources(continued)

Dependent sources:
These sources depend upon other voltage and
current sources to maintain voltage or current in a
circuit. Dependent sources are also called
controlled sources. The circuit symbols are as
follows,

(a) Dependent Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source

Voltage-Controlled Current Source

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(b) Dependent

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Voltage and current sources(continued)

Let us test some interconnections of dependent and
independent sources;

Valid

Invalid

Valid

Invalid

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Voltage and current sources(continued)

Invalid

Valid

Valid

Invalid

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Voltage and current sources(continued)

Example 1:

1. Find Vg so that the interconnection remains

valid.
2. Find the power associated with 8A source.

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Voltage and current sources(continued)

Example 2:

1. Find for the interconnection to be valid.

2. Find the power associated with 25V source.

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