RESOURCES

(SUMBERDAYA ALAM)
WATER, MINERAL AND
ENERGY

Groundwater Hydrology
Hydrogeology
Interrelationships between geologic materials and water
How do materials influence hydrologic cycle?
Traditional focus on subsurface

Hydrology in the Hydrologic Science

Program
Hydrometeorology

4/6/516
Hydrology
Vadose Zone
Hydrology

Hydrogeology

Fluvial Geomorphology/
Open Channel Flow

Hydraulic Conductivity
Spatial distribution of K defines
groundwater flow systems

Hydraulic Conductivity
Spatial distribution of K defines
groundwater flow systems

Flow Through Porous Media from grain to aquifers

Flow depends on properties of water and properties of
material

Aquifer: a rock unit that will yield water in a usable quantity to a well or spring.
(saturated geological formation, containing and transmitting significant quantities of water under normal
field quantities); rock: unconsolidated sediments
Aquiclude: formation containing water do not transmit significant quantities
Aquifuge: formation does not contain nor transmit
Aquitard: formations with low permeabilityincludes both aquiclude and
aquifuge
Confining bed: rock unit with low hydraulic conductivity to restrict movement of
GW either into or out of adjacent aquifers

UNDERGROUND WATER

GROUNDWATER VELOCITY

Time reqd by groundwater to move from recharge to discharge areas

Few days (zones adjacent to discharge) to millennia (central part of some recharge
through deeper GWsystems.

Flow to Wells (Ch. 5).

Potentiometric maps

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irrigation

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Geologic Resources and

Earths Systems
Geologic resources - valuable materials of
geologic origin that can be extracted from
the Earth
Many geologic resources originate in the hydrosphere

Petroleum and coal come from organisms that lived

and died in water
Halite (salt) and other evaporite minerals come from
dry lake beds
Weathering interactions between geosphere, atmosphere and
hydrosphere produce metal oxide ores
Humans (biosphere) interact directly with the geosphere,
hydrosphere, and atmosphere when extracting and utilizing
geologic resources
Groundwater (hydrosphere) is a renewable geologic resource

If it cant be grown, it must be mined

Types of Geologic
Resources

Geologic resources are

grouped into three major
categories:

Energy resources - petroleum

(oil and natural gas),
coal, uranium, geothermal
resources
Metals - iron, copper,
aluminum, lead, zinc, gold,
silver, platinum
Non-metallic resources - sand

Resources and Reserves

Resources - the total
amount of a valuable
geologic material in all
deposits, discovered and
undiscovered
Reserves - discovered
deposits of geologic
resources that can be
extracted economically
and legally under present
conditions

COAL GEOLOGY

Coal is a sedimentary rock that forms from the compaction

of plant material that has not completely decayed
Forms from shallow burial and compaction of peat

Four varieties of coal

Lignite (brown coal) is soft and

crumbly

Sub-bituminous and bituminous

coal (soft coal)

black and dusty

burn with a smoky flame

commonly strip-mined

Anthracite (hard coal)

shiny and dust-free

burns with a smokeless flame

low-level metamorphic rock

Burning of high-sulfur coal can produce acid

rain; strip mines can scar landscape

PENAMBANGAN BATUBARA

Uses of Coal

Source: Queensland Resources Council

PETROLEUM
(MINYAK BUMI DAN GAS

 Petroleum - oil and natural gas - occurs in

underground pools

Occurrence of oil pools requires:

A source rock (rich in organic matter)

A reservoir rock in which it can be stored and transmitted
(e.g., sandstone)
An oil trap (set of conditions holding rock in reservoir rock
and preventing migration)
Deep enough burial (and sufficient time) to cook the oil and
gas out of the organic matter

Structural Traps
for Gas and Oil

2300 m 4600 m = Oil formation

4600+ m
= Gas formation

Other Oil Traps in Geological Structures

Petroleum Recovery
Oil fields are regions
underlain by one or more
oil pools
Largest in Central Sumatra and
East Kalimantan

Oil and natural gas are removed

through wells drilled down into an
trap within a reservoir rock

oil

Negative environmental effects resulting

from oil recovery and transport include
oil spills, brine contamination of surface
water,
and ground subsidence

Oil Peak, Oil Panic ?

(Study by Amos Nur - Stanford)

U.S., Canada, Japan, Germany, France, Italy, UK, are the biggest
consumers of oil reserves worldwide.

Oil Peaks 1960's

In the 1850's oil mainly used
for kerosene lamps remaining
was burned or disgarded.

Current oil production rates peaked

in 1960's but U.S. consumption rates
increase dramatically above this.
Don't panic!
-Try to conserve energy
-Seek alternative energy sources

Sistem
Hidrokarb
on SE Asia

Australasi
a:
Hubungan
Umur
Reservoir
dan
Cadangan

Howes (1997)

Hardy et al.
(1997)

Sistem Hidrokarbon Cekungan-Cekungan

Indonesia

Metals and Ores

Metals and Ores

Metal ores - naturally occurring materials

that can be profitably mined

Whether or not a mineral deposit is an

ore depends on chemical composition,
the percent extractable metal, and
current market value of the metal

Metallic ore deposits originate from

crystal settling in igneous intrusions,
hydrothermal fluids cooling in pores and
factures, chemical precipitation in
water, or sedimentation in
rivers
(placers)

Mining and
Metals

Mining can be done at Earths

surface (strip mines, open-pit
mines, and placer mines) or
underground
Metals mined include iron, copper,
aluminum, lead, zinc, silver, gold and many
others

With care, negative

environmental effects of
mining, including unsightly
tailings piles, surface scars,
land subsidence, and acid
mine drainage can be
minimized

Non-metallic Resources
Non-metallic resources - not
mined to extract a metal or an
energy source
construction materials

sand, gravel, limestone, and gypsum

agriculture

phosphate, nitrate and potassium

compounds)
industrial uses

rock salt, sulfur, asbestos)

gemstones

diamonds, rubies, etc.

household and business products

glass sand, fluorite, diatomite, graphite)