MANAGERIAL MATHEMATICS

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Linear Equation

INTRODUCTION OF Linear
Equation

Differentiation is a process of looking at the way a function changes from one point to another.

Given any function we may need to find out what it looks like when graphed.

Differentiation tells us about the slope or rise over run, or gradient.

TECHNIQUES OF DIFFERENTIATION
This is a technique
used to calculate
the gradient, or
slope, of a graph at
different points

In this chapter
we will look at
the cases where
this limit can be
evaluated
exactly.

Our goal in this

chapter is to
differentiate
functions given
by formulas

The Process of
calculating the
derivative of a
function is called
differentiation.

For this reason,

functions which are
locally linear and
not locally vertical
are called
differentiable
functions.

,
,

EXAMPLE: TECHNIQUES OF
DIFFERENTIATION
,

I. Notations for the Derivative :

The derivative of

f (x)

y f ( x )may

y,

dy
dx

be writtenin any of the following ways

or d f (x)
dx

Dx f (x)

II. Basic Differentiation Rules

(1)

f ( x) cg ( x)
f ( x ) lim
b x

(2)

f (b) f ( x )
cg (b) cg ( x)
g (b) g ( x )
lim
c lim
cg ( x)
b x
b

x
b

x
b x
b x

f ( x) g ( x) k ( x)
f (b ) f ( x )
[ g (b) k (b )] [ g ( x ) k ( x )]
lim

x
b

x
b x
b x

f ( x ) lim

g (b) g ( x )
k (b) k ( x )

g ( x ) k ( x )
lim
lim
b

x
b

x
b x
b x

THE APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION

Maximum and Minimum Values
A function f has an absolute maximum at c if f (c) f (x) for all x in D , where D
is the domain of f . The number f (c) is called the maximum value of f on D .

Similarly, f has an absolute minimum at c if f (c) f (x) for all x in D and number
f (c) is called the minimum value of f on D . The maximum and minimum values
of f are called the extreme values of f .

A function f has a local maximum at c if f (c) f (x) when x is near c. This means
that f (c) f (x) for all x in some open interval containing c. Similarly, f has a
local minimum at c if f (c) f (x) when x is near c .

INTEGRAL

INTRODUCTION OF INTEGRAL
The integral is an important concept
in mathematics. Integration is one of
the two main operations in calculus,
with its inverse, differentiation,
being the other. Given a function f of
a real variable x and an interval [a,
b] of the real line.

The term integral may also refer to

the related notion of the
antiderivative, a function F whose
derivative is the given function f. In
this case, it is called an indefinite
integral and is written:

The definite integral is defined

informally as the signed area of the
region in the xy-plane that is
bounded by the graph of f, the xaxis and the vertical lines x = a and
x = b.

Through the fundamental theorem of

calculus, which they independently
developed, integration is connected
with differentiation. The definite
integral of over that interval is given
by :

TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRAL
Over the next few sections we examine some techniques that are frequently

successful when seeking antiderivatives of functions. Sometimes this is a

simple problem, since it will be apparent that the function you wish to integrate
is a derivative in some straightforward way. For example, faced with

Needless to say, most problems we encounter will not be so simple. Heres a

slightly more complicated example:

 This is not a simple derivative, but a little thought reveals that it must have come from

an application of ruthe chain le. Multiplied on the outside is 2x, which is the derivative
of the inside function

Checking:

So

Even when the chain rule has produced a certain derivative, it is not always easy to see.

EXAMPLE OF INTEGRAL
Evaluate

, assuming that a and b are constants, and n is a

positive integer. We let u = ax + b so du = a dx or dx = du/a. Then

Evaluate

, assuming that a and b are constants and. Again we

let u = ax + b so du = a dx or dx = du/a. Then

In Math 1090, you learned about the

\present value" and \future value" of For example, when setting aside $500
investments (the term \annuity" was per month for a retirement plan with
used). Typically, money was being interest compounded monthly, you
deposited (or withdrawn, for present would be interested in the future value
value problems) on a regular schedule, (i.e. the value later, such as when you
and the interest involved was plan to retire).
compounded on that same regular
THE
schedule.

APPLICATION
OF INTEGRAL
present value Now, instead of looking at what happens

An example involving
would be to determine how much
money you will need to have when you
retire, if you want to ensure that you
can withdraw $4000 per month from an
account
with
fixed
interest
compounded monthly for 40 years after
you retire.

when money is deposited in set intervals,

we will look at what happens when
income is continuously coming in with a
"continuous income flow". Continuous
income flows are helpful for determining
income in situations where the income
varies over time.

EXAMPLE OF INTEGRAL
Total
Income

Present
Value

Future
Value

If f(t) is the rate of continuous income flow, the total income for the
first k years is:

If f(t) is the rate of continuous income flow earning interest at a rate r,

compounded continuously, then the present value of the continuous
income stream is:

If f(t) is the rate of continuous income flow for k years earning interest at a
rate of r, compounded continuously, then the future value of the
continuous income stream is:
. PV

THE END