Ch 9

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Sampling Distributions
Asamplingdistributioniscreatedby,asthenamesuggests,
sampling.
Themethodwewillemployontherulesofprobabilityand
thelawsofexpectedvalueandvariancetoderivethe
samplingdistribution.
Forexample,considertherollofoneandtwodice

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9.2

Sampling Distribution of the Mean

Afairdieisthrowninfinitelymanytimes,
withtherandomvariableX=#ofspotsonanythrow.
TheprobabilitydistributionofXis:
x
P(x)

1/6

1/6

1/6

1/6

1/6

1/6

andthemeanandvariancearecalculatedaswell:

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9.3

Sampling Distribution of Two Dice

Asamplingdistributioniscreatedbylookingat
allsamplesofsizen=2(i.e.twodice)andtheirmeans

Whilethereare36possiblesamplesofsize2,thereareonly
11valuesfor,andsome(e.g.=3.5)occurmore
frequentlythanothers(e.g.=1).
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9.4

Sampling Distribution of Two Dice

Thesamplingdistributionofisshownbelow:
6/36

1/36
2/36
3/36
4/36
5/36
6/36
5/36
4/36
3/36
2/36
1/36

5/36

P()

1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0

P()

4/36
3/36
2/36
1/36
1.0

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1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

9.5

Compare
ComparethedistributionofX

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

withthesamplingdistributionof.
Aswell,notethat:
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9.6

Generalize
Wecangeneralizethemeanandvarianceofthesamplingof
twodice:

tondice:
Thestandarddeviationofthe
samplingdistributionis
calledthestandarderror:

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9.7

Central Limit Theorem

Thesamplingdistributionofthemeanofarandomsample
drawnfromanypopulationisapproximatelynormalfora
sufficientlylargesamplesize.
Thelargerthesamplesize,themorecloselythesampling
distributionofXwillresembleanormaldistribution.

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9.8

Central Limit Theorem

Ifthepopulationisnormal,thenXisnormallydistributed
forallvaluesofn.
Ifthepopulationisnonnormal,thenXisapproximately
normalonlyforlargervaluesofn.
Inmostpracticalsituations,asamplesizeof30maybe
sufficientlylargetoallowustousethenormaldistribution
asanapproximationforthesamplingdistributionofX.

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9.9

Sampling Distribution of the Sample

Mean
1.
2.
3.IfXisnormal,Xisnormal.IfXisnonnormal,Xis
approximatelynormalforsufficientlylargesamplesizes.
Note:thedefinitionofsufficientlylargedependsonthe
extentofnonnormalityofx(e.g.heavilyskewed;
multimodal)

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9.10

x
x
n
1
n
(xN
n)/(N
1)

Sampling Distribution of sample

mean

Standard Deviation of sample mean

Finite Population
Population

Infinite

A finite population is treated as being

infinite if n/N < .05.

is the finite correction factor.

is referred to as the standard error of the

mean.
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Example 1
Theamountoftimetheuniversityprofessorsdevote
totheirjobsperweekisnormallydistributedwitha
meanof52hoursandastandarddeviationof6hours
a.Whatistheprobabilitythataprofessorworksfor
morethan60hoursperweek?
b.Findtheprobabilitythatthemeanamountofwork
perweekforthreerandomlyselectedprofessorsis
morethan60hours.
c.Findtheprobabilitythatifthreeprofessorsare
randomlyselected,allthreeworkformorethan60
hoursperweek.
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Solution
a.

b.

c.

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Using the Sampling Distribution for

Inference

Heresanotherwayofexpressingtheprobabilitycalculatedfroma
samplingdistribution.
P(1.96<Z<1.96)=.95
Substitutingtheformulaforthesamplingdistribution
P(1.96

X
/ n

1.96) .95

Withalittlealgebra

P( 1.96

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X 1.96

) .95

9.14

Using the Sampling Distribution for

Inference

Returningtothechapteropeningexamplewhere=800,=100,
andn=25,wecompute

P(800 1.96

100
25

X 800 1.96

100
25

) .95

or

P(760.8 X 839.2) .95

Thistellsusthatthereisa95%probabilitythatasamplemeanwill
fallbetween760.8and839.2.Becausethesamplemeanwas
computedtobe$750,wewouldhavetoconcludethatthedean's
claimisnotsupportedbythestatistic.
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9.15

Sampling Distribution of a Proportion

Theparameterofinterestfornominaldataisthe
proportionoftimesaparticularoutcome(success)
occurs.
Toestimatethepopulationproportionpweusethe
sampleproportion.

The number
of successes

The estimate of p = ^
p=
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X
n

Sampling Distribution of a Proportion

^p
SinceXisbinomial,probabilitiesaboutcan
becalculatedfromthebinomialdistribution.
^
Yet,forinferenceaboutweprefertouse
p
normalapproximationtothebinomial.

Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning

Normal approximation to the Binomial

Normalapproximationtothebinomialworksbestwhen
thenumberofexperiments(samplesize)islarge,and
theprobabilityofsuccess,p,iscloseto0.5.
Fortheapproximationtoprovidegoodresultstwoconditions
shouldbemet:

np5;n(1p)5

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Normal approximation to the

Binomial
Example
Approximate the binomial probability P(x=10)
when n = 20 and p = .5
The parameters of the normal distribution
used to approximate the binomial are:
= np; 2 = np(1 - p)

Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning

Normal approximation to the

Binomial

Let us build a normal

distribution to approximate the
binomial P(X = 10).

= np = 20(.5) = 10;
2 = np(1 - p) = 20(.5)(1 - .5) = 5
= 51/2 = 2.24

P(9.5<YNormal<10.5)
The approximation

P(XBinomial = 10) = .176

~= P(9.5<Y<10.5)
9.5

10

10.5

9.5 10
10.5 10
P(
Z
) .1742
2.24
2.24
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Normal approximation to the Binomial

More examples of normal

approximation to the binomial
P(X 4) P(Y< 4.5)
4

P(X 14) P(Y > 13.5)

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4.5

13.5

14

Sampling Distribution of a Sample

Proportion

Usingthelawsofexpectedvalueandvariance,wecan
determinethemean,variance,andstandarddeviationof.
(Thestandarddeviationofiscalledthestandarderrorof
theproportion.)

Sampleproportionscanbestandardizedtoastandardnormal
distributionusingthisformulation:
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9.22

p
p
p
(
1

)
(
p
1

)
N

n
n
1
p
pp

Sampling Distribution of
StandardDeviationof

FinitePopulation InfinitePopulation

isreferredtoasthestandarderrorofthe
proportion.

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Example 2
Apsychologistbelievesthat80%ofmaledrivers
whenlostcontinuetodrive,hopingtofindthe
locationtheyseekratherthanaskdirections.To
examinethisbelief,hetookarandomsampleof
350maledriversandaskedeachwhattheydid
whenlost.Ifthebeliefistrue,determinethe
probabilitythatlessthan75%saidtheycontinue
driving.

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Solution

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Sampling Distribution:

Difference of two

means
Thefinalsamplingdistributionintroducedisthatofthe
differencebetweentwosamplemeans.Thisrequires:
independentrandomsamplesbedrawnfromeachoftwo
normalpopulations
Ifthisconditionismet,thenthesamplingdistributionofthe
differencebetweenthetwosamplemeans,i.e.
willbenormallydistributed.
(note:ifthetwopopulationsarenotbothnormally
distributed,butthesamplesizesarelarge(>30),the
distributionofisapproximatelynormal)
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9.26

Sampling Distribution:

Difference of two

means
Theexpectedvalueandvarianceofthesampling
distributionofaregivenby:

mean:

standarddeviation:
(alsocalledthestandarderrorifthedifferencebetweentwo
means)
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9.27

Example 9.3
Sincethedistributionofisnormalandhasa
meanof
andastandarddeviationof

WecancomputeZ(standardnormalrandomvariable)inthis
way:

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9.28

Example 3
Themanagerofarestaurantbelievesthatwaitersand
waitresseswhointroducethemselvesbytelling
customerstheirnameswillgetlargertipsthanthose
whodont.Infact,sheclaimsthattheaveragetipforthe
formergroupis18%whereasthatofthelatterisonly
15%.Iftipsarenormallydistributedwithastandard
deviationof3%,whatistheprobabilitythatina
randomsampleof10tipsrecordedfromwaitersand
waitresseswhointroducethemselvesand10tipsfrom
waitersandwaitresseswhodont,themeanofthe
formerwillexceedthatofthelatter?

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Solution

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