Wireless

Communication

Istanbul
University

Notes 1
Assoc. Prof. Hakan DOAN
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

http://ee.istanbul.edu.tr/kisiler/hdogan/hdogan.htm

Referances:
1- T. S. Rappaport, "Wireless Communications: Principles &
Practice," 2nd Ed., Prentice-Hall:
Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2002, ISBN 0-13-042232-0.
2- John H. Schiller, Mobile Communications,, Addison Wesley, Pearson Education.
3- G. L. Stueber, ``Principles of mobile communication,'' 2nd
Ed., Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 2001.
4- John G. Proakis, ``Digital communications,'' 4th ed.,
Boston : McGraw-Hill, c2001.

Source

Destination

Telephone, Radio, Television, Radar, Sonar, Telemeter, ...

In electronics and telecommunications, modulation is the process of varying

one or more properties of a high-frequency periodic waveform, called the
carrier signal, with a modulating signal which typically contains information to
be transmitted.

In telecommunications, modulation is the process of conveying a message

signal, for example a digital bit stream or an analog audio signal, inside
another signal that can be physically transmitted. Modulation of a sine
waveform is used to transform a baseband message signal into a passband
signal, for example low-frequency audio signal into a radio-frequency signal
(RF signal).

Transmitting very low frequencies require antennas with miles in wavelength

When free space is the communication channel, antennas radiate and receiver
the signal. Theory shows that the antennas operate effective only when their
dimensions are of the order of the magnitude of wavelength of the signal being
transmitted.
Wavelength is commonly designated by the
Greek letter lambda ()

In the case of electromagnetic radiation in free space, c is the speed of light,

about 310^8 m/s.
f is the wave's frequency

The condition for resonance in a linear dipole antenna is usually that the
electrical length be equal to a multiple of a half-wavelength, /2, while for a
monopole antenna it is a multiple of a quarter-wavelength, /4.

Monopole ,
Vertical Dipole,
Quarter-wavelength
A monopole antenna is a class of radio antenna consisting of a straight rodshaped conductor, often mounted perpendicularly over some type of conductive
surface, called a ground plane.

In simplest terms, the antenna current must be zero at both ends of a half wave
antenna, these are called the current nodes. But where the current nodes are
zero, the voltage anti-nodes are at maximum. So you have voltage maximums
at both ends of the half wave antenna causing the maximum possible antenna
current to flow and the maximum amount of electromagnetic radiation from the
antenna. For that reason the half wave antenna is considered to be the most
efficient.
In general, an antenna should not be shorter than a half wavelength long, but
you will find exceptions to this especially at very low frequencies and long
wavelengths where even a half wave antenna would be too long to be physically
practical. One solution is to use a quarter wave antenna and ground one end,
letting the ground act as the other quarter wave, so you still have a half wave
antenna. This is known as the Marconi antenna.

A monopole antenna is a class of radio antenna consisting of a straight

rod-shaped conductor, often mounted perpendicularly over some type of
conductive surface, called a ground plane.

Audio is in the range approx. 30 - 20000 kHz.

If an electromagnetic signal with a frequency of 3 kHz is transmitted it will have a

wavelength of (speed of light /frequency) =
3*10^8 (m/s) / 3000 Hz = 100 000 m= 100 km.
To pick up this signal an aerial of size approx. 25 km will be required
impractical.
If this signal is used to modulate a carrier of 1 MHz the wavelength will be
3*10^8 (m/s) / 10^6 Hz = 300 m, and an aerial of 75 m will suffice.
If the carrier is 100 MHz, the wavelength is 3 m and a 75 cm aerial is sufficient.

So, then the connection between the frequency and the size of the
antenna, the higher the frequency the lower the antenna size.

Therefore, modulation is necessary in order to shift frequency

components of the baseband signal araound the frequency of the carrier
signal

The ability of different users sharing a medium (multiple access)

A large number of radio transmitters are trying to transmit at the same time. It is
necessary for the receiver to pick up only the wanted signal and to reject the
rest.
One way to do to this is to assign a carrier with a known frequency to each
transmitter, modulate this carrier with the signal, and then design the receiver
to pick up only that known carrier frequency and reject the rest, using
appropriate filtering methods. Then the original signal is removed from the
received carrier.

Frequency division multiplexing (To support multiple transmissions via a single

channel). To avoid interference

Amplitude modulation

Review AM Modulation

Telemetre
A telemeter is a device used to remotely measure any quantity. It
consists of a sensor a transmission path and a display, recording, or
control device
Radar(Radio Detecting And Ranging)
Radar is an object detection system which uses radio waves to
determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of objects.
Sonar (Sound Navigation And Ranging)
Sonar is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater,
as in submarine navigation) to navigate, communicate with or detect
objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels.

Sonar Pictures

Radar Pictures

Some factors for Wireless Communication

The total number of sources
The total number of users
Distance
Mobility
Security

A radio repeater retransmits a radio signal.

Input Signal
Input
Transducer

Input Message

Source

Transmitter

Transmitted Signal
Transmission
Medium

Unwanted
effects

Received Signal
Receiver

Output Signal
Output
Transducer

Ouput Message

Destination

Representation of Modulation Signals

Bandpass signals (signals with small bandwidth compared to carrier

frequency) can be represented in any of three standard formats:

Input Transducer : Converts a nonelectrical input message into an electrical

input signal (microphone, video camera, photocell, thermocouple, displacement
gauge, etc.) The input signal can also be referred as the baseband signal
Microfon
Output Transducer

Output Transducer: Converts the electrical signals into its Original form as needed by
the user. A loudspeaker and a picture tupe are the most familiar examples of the
output transducer.

Transmitter: Modifies the the baseband signal for efficient transmission

Analog Modulation : AM, FM, PM
Digital Modulations: BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64 QAM

Transmission Medium or Channel : The medium through which transmitter

output is sent.

Receiver : Responces the signal from the channel

modifications made at the transmiter and the channel.

by undoing the signal

Transmission Medium or Channel

Twisted pair

Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors of a single

circuit are twisted together for the purposes of canceling out
electromagnetic interference (EMI) from external sources; for instance,
electromagnetic radiation from unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables, and
crosstalk between neighboring pairs. It was invented by
Alexander Graham Bell.

Coaxial cable, or coax, has an inner conductor surrounded by a flexible,

tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting shield. The
term coaxial comes from the inner conductor and the outer shield sharing a
geometric axis.

Coaxial Cable

Waveguide : A waveguide is a structure which guides waves, such as

electromagnetic waves. The original and most common meaning is a hollow
conductive metal pipe used to carry high frequency radio waves, particularly
microwaves.

An Optical Fiber

Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one

place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The light
forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information

Wireless communication is the transfer of information between two or more

points that are not connected by an electrical conductor.
The most common wireless technologies use electromagnetic wireless
telecommunications, such as radio. With radio waves distances can be short,
such as a few metres for television remote control, or as far as thousands or
even millions of kilometres for deep-space radio communications.

IEEE.802.11
IEEE.802.16

IEEE 802.11 is a set of standards for implementing wireless local area network
(WLAN) computer communication in the 2.4 and 5 GHz frequency bands. They
are created and maintained by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee (
IEEE 802).
802.11g
2.4-2.5 GHz
19 Mbit/s
35 meter

54 Mbit/s
110 meter

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE, read

I-Triple-E) is a professional association headquartered in
New York City that is dedicated to advancing technological
innovation and excellence
IEEE 802.16 is a series of Wireless Broadband standards authored by the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The IEEE Standards
Board established a working group in 1999 to develop standards for broadband
for Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks.

Wireline

Wireless

LIMITS
1- Noise
2- Distortion
3- Signal to Noise Ratio-SNR
4- Attenuation
5- Channel
6- Interference

A distortion is the alteration of the original shape (or other characteristic) of

waveform.
Attenuation is an important consideration in the modern world of wireless
telecommunication. Attenuation limits the range of radio signals and is
affected by the materials a signal must travel through (e.g., air, wood,
concrete, rain).
Path loss (or path attenuation) is the reduction in power density (
attenuation) of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates through space.
Path loss is a major component in the analysis and design of the link budget
of a telecommunication system.This term is commonly used in wireless
communications and signal propagation.

In physics, interference is a phenomenon in which two waves superimpose

to form a resultant wave of greater or lower amplitude.
Co-channel interference or CCI is crosstalk from two different
radio transmitters using the same frequency. There can be
several causes of co-channel radio interference;

Adjacent-channel interference (ACI) is interference caused by

extraneous power from a signal in an adjacent channel. ACI may
be caused by inadequate filtering (such as incomplete filtering of
unwanted modulation products in FM systems), improper tuning
or poor frequency control (in the reference channel, the
interfering channel or both).

Noise : AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise)

internal noise sourses
*Thermal noise
*Shot noise
external noise
* Solar intergalactic radiation
*Thunderbolts and lightninings
*Fluorescent lamps
*Running electrical motor

Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)