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HIMANI KALRA
MBA (GENERAL)
35
SUBMITTED TO:
DR. SIMMI
UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MGT. ,
K.U.K
Chapter 11 1
Sampling
Concept of sampling
Aims of Sampling
Merits and demerits of sampling
Types of sampling methods
Sampling errors
Sampling Distributions
Probability Distributions
The Central Limit Theorem
Intensive study
Organizational convenience
Less accurate
Wrong conclusions
Less reliable
(A)
(4)
(A)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Convenience sampling
Quota sampling
Judgment sampling
snowball sampling
Math
Alliance
Project
Math
Alliance
Project
a.
b.
Math
Alliance
Project
Math
Alliance
Project
Math
Alliance
Project
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
These are those which creep in due to human factors which always
varies from one investigator to another. These errors arise due to
Faulty planning.
Faulty selection of the sample units.
Lack of trained staff.
Negligence on the part of respondents.
Errors in compilations.
Errors due to wrong statistical measures.
Framing of wrong questionaires.
Incomplete investigation of the sample surveys.
Or, I could say, what is the standard deviation of the sample mean
If you know this, you can answer how likely it is that a sample
with a given mean (or median or SD) was drawn from a
population with known mean (or median or SD)
1.
2.
3.
100; 15
Assume IQ:
E ( X ) 100; X
15
3
25
Normal
Normal
E ( X ) 100; X
15
1.5
100
Normal
15
E ( X ) 100; X
0.75
400
n = 25
n = 100
n = 400
X 103 100
1.00
X
3
p = .1587
X 103 100
2.00
X
1.5
p = .0228
z103
z103
z103
X 103 100
0.6
0.5
Probability
0.4
n = 25
n = 100
n = 400
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
90.0
91.0
92.0
93.0
94.0
95.0
96.0
97.0
98.0
99.0 100.0 101.0 102.0 103.0 104.0 105.0 106.0 107.0 108.0 109.0 110.0
Sample Means
1.96
X X 100
1.96
X
3
0.6
0.5
Probability
0.4
n = 25
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
90.0
91.0
92.0
93.0
94.0
95.0
96.0
97.0
98.0
99.0
100.0 101.0 102.0 103.0 104.0 105.0 106.0 107.0 108.0 109.0 110.0
Sample Means
1.96
X X 100
1.96
X
1.50
0.6
0.5
Probability
0.4
n = 100
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
90.0
91.0
92.0
93.0
94.0
95.0
96.0
97.0
98.0
99.0 100.0 101.0 102.0 103.0 104.0 105.0 106.0 107.0 108.0 109.0 110.0
Sample Means
1.96
X X 100
1.96
X
.75
0.6
0.5
Probability
0.4
n = 400
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
90.0
91.0
92.0
93.0
94.0
95.0
96.0
97.0
98.0
99.0 100.0 101.0 102.0 103.0 104.0 105.0 106.0 107.0 108.0 109.0 110.0
Sample Means
X1 X2
find : var(
)
2
Assume independent
X1 and X2!
X1 X2
var(
) (1/2) 2 (var(X1) var(X2))
2
var(X1) var(X2) var(X)
X1 X 2
2 var( X )
2
var(
) (1/ 2) * 2* var( X )
2
4
define : var(X1) var(X2) 2X
X1 X2 2 X
var(
)
2
2
Variance of sampling
distribution for mean of 2
subjects
X1 X2 2 X
var(
)
2
2
X1 X 2
2X X
SD(
)
var(
N2
var(X1 X2 ...X N )
N2
N N
2
X 1 X 2... Xn X
SD(
)
n
n
This means
If
, or s, is our estimate of the sample standard deviation
(average deviation of an individual from the sample mean)
Is our estimate of how far off the sample mean is, on average, from
the true population mean
Where
s is the sample standard deviation (i.e., the
sample based estimate of the standard deviation of
population), and
the
Confidence intervals
Because we know that the sampling distribution is normal,
we know that 95.45% of samples will fall within two
standard errors.
95% of samples fall within 1.96
standard errors.
99% of samples fall within
2.58 standard errors.
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Fundamentals of statistics , s.c.gupta
Statistics for mba , t.r.jain
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