Phylogeny

Phylogenetics
It

is the study of the evolutionary history

of living organisms.
Uses

a
tree
representing the
organisms.
The

tree
representing
phylogeny.

like
diagrams
for
pedigrees of these

branching
patterns
for
phylogenetics is called

Molecular phylogenetics
Molecular

data in the form of DNA or

protein sequences can also provide useful
evolutionary information.
Molecular

phylogenetics is the study of

evolutionary relation ships of genes and
other biological macromolecules.

Phylogenetic Tree

Phylogenetic Tree
Phylogenetic

tree is the graphical representation of

the evolutionary relationship among multiple genes
or organisms.
Phylogenetic
Every

tree is also referred as dendrogram.

node represents a distinct taxonomical unit

called Taxa.

Phylogenetic Tree
Terminal

nodes correspond to gene or

organism , for which the data have
actually been collected for analysis.
Internal

nodes represent an inferred

common ancestor.
A

phylogenetic tree is represented

in

Newick format.
The

newick Format for the above tree is

represented as ((A,(B,C)), ( D,E))

Trees
Rooted: all the sequences under study have a
common ancestor or root node from which a
unique evolutionary path leads to all other
nodes.
Unrooted tree: specifies only the nodes
interrelations but says nothing about the
direction in which evolution occurred.

Unrooted Tree

Rooted Tree

Unrooted tree
A

rooted tree is more informative than an unrooted one.

Two

ways to convert an unrooted tree to rooted tree

midpoint rooting approach, in which the midpoint of the
two most divergent groups judged by overall branch lengths is
assigned as the root.

outgroup : is a sequence that is

homologous to the sequences under consideration.
Outgroups are required to be distinct from the ingroup
sequences, but not too distant from the ingroup. Using
too divergent sequences as an outgroup can lead to
errors in tree construction

One is to use an

No of Rooted VS Unrooted

The actual number of possible rooted (NR) and

Unrooted (NU) trees for any number of species
(n) can be determined by
NR = (2n -3)!/ 2(n-2)

x (n 2)!

NU = (2n 5)!/ 2(n-3) x (n 3)!

No of Rooted VS Unrooted

Types of Tree Representation

Types of Tree Representation

In

a phylogram, the branch lengths

represent the amount of evolutionary
divergence. Such trees are said to be
scaled. It shows both the evolutionary
relationships and information about the
relative divergence time of the branches.
In

a cladogram, however, the external taxa

line up neatly in a row or column. Their
branch lengths are not proportional to the
number of evolutionary changes and thus
have no phylogenetic meaning. such an