Professional Documents
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Cooling Towers
Cross-flow Cooling Tower
&a c s
m
m
&w c p, w
m
*
Tw ,in Tw ,out
dTw saturation
Effectiveness
'''
h
A
V
*
c
Ntu
&a c p,m
m
ha,out ha,in
*
hw ,sat,in ha,in
* f m* , Ntu*
& m
&a hw , sat , in ha,in
Q
max
& * m
&a hw , sat , in ha,in
Q
Tw ,out Tw ,in
Cooling Coil
C*
m*
Number of
Transfer Units
Ntu
Ntu*
Effectiveness
f C* , Ntu
Parameter
Capacitance
rate ratio
Maximum
heat flow
Heat flow
* f m* , Ntu*
Example 14.1 Determine the performance of a counter flow cooling tower with
a water flow rate of 30,000 lbm/hr that enters the tower at 100 F. The air flow
rate is 6000 cfm and the ambient is at 85 F and 50 % relative humidity. The
tower has a fill volume of 900 ft3, a wetted area density of 3 ft2 of surface area
per cubic foot of volume, a convection coefficient of 6 Btu/hr-ft2-F and the
geometry is counterflow.
Ntu = 2.44.
cs = 1.397 Btu/lbm-F
m* = 1.258.
The effectiveness for counterflow = 0.644.
Maximum heat transfer rate = 642,684 Btu/hr.
Tower capacity = 599,785 Btu/hr
Water loss is = 546 lbm/hr
Water outlet temperature = 80.0 F.
Approach = 9.2 F
Range = 20.0 F.
Fan
power
(hp)
Tower
Volume
(ft3)
HW
95
100
95
100
90
95
90
95
CW
85
85
85
85
80
80
80
80
WB
80
80
75
75
70
70
64
64
492 A
140
53
42
84
63
74
56
102
75
492 B
140
68
53
107
80
95
71
131
96
493 A
210
87
69
137
103
122
91
168
123
493 B
210
101
79
160
120
142
106
197
144
494 A
350
125
101
190
147
170
131
229
172
494 B
350
140
112
213
164
190
146
256
192
494 C
350
167
134
254
196
227
174
304
229
495 A
470
196
157
299
230
268
205
361
270
495 B
470
223
178
340
262
304
233
410
307
496 A
640
273
219
414
319
371
285
497
374
496 B
7.5
640
310
248
470
362
421
324
563
425
HW
CW
WB
=
=
=
Example 14.2 Select a cooling tower to reject the heat from the condenser of a
35 ton air-conditioning system, corresponding to a heat rejection of 500,000
Btu/hr. The design ambient wet bulb temperature is 78 F. The design data for
tower performance at this ambient wet bulb available from the catalog is given
in the table below.
Cooling Tower Design Performance: Capacity (in gpm)
Model
492 A
492 B
493 A
493 B
494 A
494 B
494 C
Fan
power
(hp)
Tower
Volume
(ft3)
1
2
2
3
2
3
5
140
140
210
210
350
350
350
HW
CW
95
85
97
87
100
85
102
87
WB
78
78
78
78
66
84
108
126
153
171
204
82
104
134
157
187
209
249
51
64
83
96
120
134
---
62
79
101
118
145
162
193
500,000 Btu / hr
10 F Range
&w
m
15 F Range
&w 67 gpm
m
Possible models
Model
Fan
power
(hp)
HW
(F)
CW
(F)
Range
(F)
Flow
(gpm)
Approach
(F)
492 A
102
87
15
62
492 B
100
85
15
64
492 B
97
87
10
104
493 A
95
85
10
108
Desiccant Dehumidifiers
Heat and mass flows for sorption of water vapor at a desiccant surface
hg
Ta
hf
Td
Heat flow
Desiccant
Process
Air stream
In
Temperature
waves
T
Humidity
Waves
Process
Air stream
Out
Desiccant Matrix
Tregeneration
Tintermediate
in
Fast wave
Slow wave
wregeneration
win
wintermediate
w1 w 2,actual
w1 w 2,ideal
h3 h2,ideal
Example 14.2 The desiccant cycle shown in Figure 14.10 is used to provide
space conditioning in a supermarket. The store is maintained at 25 C and 50
% RH and has a sensible load of 30 kW and a latent load of 10 kW. The
desiccant system processes 1000 L/s of outdoor air at 35 C dry bulb and 25 C
wet bulb temperature. The desiccant wheel has mass and enthalpy
effectivenesses of 0.9 and 0.1, respectively. There is no purge section and
the process stream mixes with 3,000 L/s of recirculation air from the store.
The outdoor air is used for regeneration and the wheel has balanced flow.
The mixed stream is then sensibly cooled to the necessary supply state to
meet the load. Determine the states, the cooling coil load, and the
regeneration heat requirement
Supply humidity ratio required to meet the latent load = 0.00903 kgw/kga, which is the
humidity level at states 4 and 5.
Required humidity ratio at state 2 = 0.0064 kgw/kga.
Mass transfer effectiveness yields humidity ratio of the ideal outlet state (0.0053 kg w/kg).
Enthalpy of the ideal outlet state = enthalpy at state 1.
Relative humidity of the ideal state at ideal outlet humidity ratio and enthalpy = 4.0 %.
Humidity ratio of the regeneration state is the same as that of the ambient air.
Required enthalpy of the supply air, state 5, is that to meet the sensible load
Cooling coil load = 74.6 kW.
Regeneration heat requirement = 60.3 kW.
State
T
(C)
w
(kgw/kga)
h
(kJ/kg)
m
(kg/s)
35
0.0158
75. 9
1.12
64
0.0064
81.3
1.12
25
0.0099
50.3
3.50
34
0.0090
57.8
4.61
19
0.0090
41.7
4.61
87
0.0158
129.9
1.12
58
0.0253
124.4
1.12
Nomenclature