Professional Documents
Culture Documents
What
NEXT?
We started with
PARAMETRIC TESTS!
First we took tests related to MEAN.
We have ONE Sample Mean Test Large
Sample.
We have ONE Sample Proportion Test
Large Sample.
Then,
Then, we
we move
move to
to cases
cases
where
where the
the population
population is
is
NORMAL
NORMAL but
but the
the standard
standard
Deviation
Deviation of
of the
the
Population
Population is
is NOT
NOT known;
known;
and
and above
above the
the sample
sample
size
size is
is SMALL.
SMALL.
Then,
Then, we
we move
move from
from
Use Chi-Square ( 2)
Lets apply.
What do
you think
Which is more
important from
evaluation point of
view Mean or
Standard
Deviation?
Assume that
There are 31 students who appeared in the QuizII.
Desirable level of variation should NOT be less
than 4.
H 0 : 2 42
H a : 2 42
It is a ONE-Tailed Test.
Test Statistic
2
(
n
1
)
s
2
20
The critical
value of 2
for 30 df
and = 5%
is 43.773
R
Is there a
el
relation
at
io between F Test
n
=F
Whats Next?
Badnaam
Kulfi
What do
you say?
Are they
different?
Do you think
that there are
differences?
Do you think
that there are
differences?
ANALYSIS OF
VARIANCE
Plant 2
Plant 3
Respondent 1
14
Respondent 2
10
14
Respondent 3
11
Respondent 4
Plant 2
Plant 3
Respondent 1
14
Respondent 2
10
14
Respondent 3
11
Respondent 4
Is Motivation f ( Plants ) ?
Dependent
Variable
Ratio/Interval Scale
Variable
Independent
Variable
Categorical
Variable
ANALYSIS OF
VARIANCE
O
AN
VA
AN ANOVA
OANOVA
VA
ANOVA
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
(continued)
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
(continued)
One-Way Analysis of
Variance: Partitioning of
TOTAL SUM OF SQUARES OF
VARIATION
TOTAL VARIATION
(TOTAL SUM OF SQUARES)
Composition of VARIATION
Let
SStot = Sum of Squares (TOTAL)
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
(continued)
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
(continued)
Therefore, the variation between the groups and among the
groups must be same. Thus, it uses test statistics called F
statistics which is a ratio defined as below F=
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
(continued)
ANOVA TABLE...
ANOVA TABLE ---- ONE WAY
SOURCE OF
VARI ATI ON
SUM OF
SQUARES
BETWEEN
WI THI N
TOTAL
BETWEEN SS
WI THI N SS
TOTAL SS
DEGREE
OF
FREEDOM
(C-1)
(N-C)
(N-1)
MEAN SUM OF
SQARE
F- RATI O
MSS(BETWEEN)
MSS(WI THI N)
MSS(BETWEEN)
MSS(WI THI N)
29
32
25
27
33
24
30
31
24
27
34
25
28
30
26
29
32
25
27
33
24
30
31
24
27
34
25
28
30
26
141
160
124
Count
Mean
28.2
32.0
24.8
Sum
Grand
Mean
28.33
RESIDUALS
-0.13
3.67
-3.53
0.80
0.00
0.20
-0.13
3.67
-3.53
-1.20
1.00
-0.80
-0.13
3.67
-3.53
1.80
-1.00
-0.80
-0.13
3.67
-3.53
-1.20
2.00
0.20
-0.13
3.67
-3.53
-0.20
-2.00
1.20
RESIDUALS (SQUARE)
0.0178
13.4444
12.4844
0.6400
0.0000
0.0400
0.0178
13.4444
12.4844
1.4400
1.0000
0.6400
0.0178
13.4444
12.4844
3.2400
1.0000
0.6400
0.0178
13.4444
12.4844
1.4400
4.0000
0.0400
0.0178
13.4444
12.4844
0.0400
4.0000
1.4400
ANOVA TABLE
ANOVA-TABLE
Source of Variation
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total
SS
df
MS
129.733
19.6
12
149.333
14
64.867
1.633
39.714
6.33
6.26
6.44
6.29
6.26
6.36
6.38
6.23
6.31
6.23
6.58
6.19
6.29
6.27
6.54
6.21
6.40
6.19
6.56
6.50
6.34
6.19
6.58
6.22
Go to
Plant 2
Plant 3
Respondent 1
14
Respondent 2
10
14
Respondent 3
11
Respondent 4
ISrecall
recallmechanism
mechanismaafunction
functionof
of
IS
towhich
whichgroup
groupaaperson
personbelongs?
belongs?
to
Imagery Group
COUNTING
9
8
6
8
10
4
6
5
7
7
RHYMING
7
9
6
6
6
11
6
3
8
7
ADJECTIVE
11
13
8
6
14
11
13
13
10
11
IMAGERY
12
11
16
11
9
23
12
10
19
11
INTENTIONAL
10
19
14
5
10
11
14
15
11
11
Count
Sum
Average
Variance
COUNTING
RHYMING
10
10
70
69
7.00
6.90
3.33
4.54
ADJECTIVE
10
110
11.00
6.22
IMAGERY
INTENTIONAL
10
10
134
120
13.40
12.00
20.27
14.00
Source of Variation
Between Groups
Within Groups
SS
351.52
435.3
df
Total
786.82
ANOVA
4
45
MS
87.880
9.673
49
P-value
9.085
0.000
F crit
2.579
df1
df2
4
45
Sig.
.054
Second, POST-HOC
ANALYSIS
Multiple Comparisons
(I) LEVEL OF
PROCESSING
COUNTING
RHYMING
ADJECTIVE
IMAGERY
INTENTIONAL
(J) LEVEL OF
PROCESSING
RHYMING
ADJECTIVE
IMAGERY
INTENTIONAL
COUNTING
ADJECTIVE
IMAGERY
INTENTIONAL
COUNTING
RHYMING
IMAGERY
INTENTIONAL
COUNTING
RHYMING
ADJECTIVE
INTENTIONAL
COUNTING
RHYMING
ADJECTIVE
IMAGERY
Mean
Difference
(I-J)
1.00E-01
-4.00
-6.40*
-5.00*
-1.00E-01
-4.10
-6.50*
-5.10*
4.00
4.10
-2.40
-1.00
6.40*
6.50*
2.40
1.40
5.00*
5.10*
1.00
-1.40
Std. Error
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
Sig.
1.000
.061
.000
.008
1.000
.051
.000
.006
.061
.051
.913
1.000
.000
.000
.913
1.000
.008
.006
1.000
1.000
Third, MEAN-PLOT.
14
12
10
6
COUNTING
RHYMING
ADJECTIVE
LEVEL OF PROCESSING
IMAGERY
INTENTIONAL
HR
Marketin
Finance
g
2.70
2.30
4.80
2.20
3.60
3.50
3.30
2.70
4.60
2.50
4.40
3.60
3.80
3.90
2.80
2.90
3.20
2.90
I think Finance
would be the
right choice for
me!!!
Groups
Average Variance
Count
Sum
HR
17.4
2.90
0.332
Marketing
20.1
3.35
0.603
Finance
28.05
4.675
0.9958
ANOVA
Source of
Variation
SS
df
MS
PF crit
value
Between Groups
10.2175
5.1088
7.938
0.0045 3.6823
Within Groups
9.65375
15
0.6436
19.87125
17
Total
Sudhanshu! It is not
the Area that matters,
it is the Grade that
matters in getting a
good package.
Is it
really
so?!!!
Now, he is lost!!!
What to do with
the data?
Grade
s
HR
A+
3.80
4.40
5.80
3.30
3.90
5.75
A-
2.90
3.60
4.80
B+
2.70
3.20
4.60
2.50
2.70
3.60
B-
2.20
2.30
3.50
Marketing Finance
For
For that
that we
we have
have to
to
stretch
stretch ourselves
ourselves
and
and
MOVING FROM
ONE FACTOR TO
TWO FACTORS
Data
LIFE OF TUBES IN (THOUSAND
HOURS)
SLOW
MEDIUM
HIGH
3.7
4.5
3.1
3.4
3.9
2.8
3.5
4.1
3.0
3.2
3.5
2.6
3.9
4.8
3.4
Picture speaks
What do say
about the
impact of
variations in
Voltage on the
life of tubes?
THINK!!!!!
###$$
$?????!!
!!!!!!!!!!
???
So
what?
SLOW
MEDIUM
HIGH
SURYA
3.7
4.5
3.1
BAJAJ
3.4
3.9
2.8
PHILIPS
3.5
4.1
3.0
OSRAM
3.2
3.5
2.6
HAVELLS
3.9
4.8
3.4
TWO-WAY ANALYSIS
OF VARIANCE
WITHOUT
REPLICATION
(RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN )
3
BLOCKING
Measurements
of quantity
filledIndividual
observations
VARIABLE
(OPERATORS)
Dependent
Variable
Ratio/Interval Scale
Variable
Independent
Variables
Categorical
Variable
TWO-WAY ANALYSIS OF
VARIANCE (continued)
In case of TWO-WAY ANOVA without replication, no value
of a particular factor is allowed to repeat in the trail. As a
result, the values of factors are independent and so their
effects are. In such a case, there will not be any interaction
effect between factors.
TWO-WAY ANALYSIS OF
VARIANCE (continued)
In case of TWO-WAY ANOVA without replication, no value
of a particular factor is allowed to repeat in the trail. As a
result, the values of factors are independent and so their
effects are. In such a case, there will not be any interaction
effect between factors.
BLOCKING
VARIABLE
TWO-WAY ANALYSIS OF
VARIANCE (continued)
In it, if differences are found to be significant then
they could be attributed to either of factors.
VARIATION
which
is
further
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE..
SUM OF
SQUARES
d.f.
MEAN SUM OF
SQUARES
FRATIOS
SPSS output
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable: SALES OF CHAIRS
Source
Model
STYLE
STORERS
Error
Total
df
10
2
7
14
24
Mean Square
4532.442
467.542
99.810
34.827
F
130.140
13.425
2.866
Sig.
.000
.001
.044
SPSS Graph
E s tim a te d M a r g in a l M e a n s
70
60
50
40
STYLE OF CHAIR
CHAIR STYLE#1
30
CHAIR STYLE#2
20
CHAIR STYLE#3
A
STORES
Averag Varianc
e
e
Count
Sum
A+
14.00
4.67
1.05
12.95
4.32
1.63
A-
11.30
3.77
0.92
B+
10.50
3.50
0.97
8.80
2.93
0.34
B-
8.00
2.67
0.52
HR
17.40
2.90
0.33
Marketing
20.10
3.35
0.60
Finance
28.05
4.68
1.00
ANOVA
Source of
Variation
df
Rows (Grades)
8.982916667
Columns (Area)
10.2175
0.670833333
10
0.0671
19.87125
17
Total
PF crit
value
SS
Error
MS
1.74E3.3258
05
8.88E5.1088 76.155
4.1028
07
1.7966 26.781
Groups
Average Variance
Count
Sum
HR
17.4
2.90
0.332
Marketing
20.1
3.35
0.603
Finance
28.05
4.675
0.9958
ANOVA
Source of
Variation
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total
SS
10.2175
df
MS
5.1088
SUMMARY
Count
Sum
Average
A+
A
AB+
B
BHR
Marketing
Finance
3
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
14.00
12.95
11.30
10.50
8.80
8.00
17.40
20.10
28.05
4.67
4.32
3.77
3.50
2.93
2.67
2.90
3.35
4.68
ANOVA
PF crit
value
0.004 3.682
7.938
5
3
9.65375
15
0.6436
19.87125
17
Varianc
e
1.05
1.63
0.92
0.97
0.34
0.52
0.33
0.60
1.00
PF
valu
crit
e
Source of
Variation
SS
df
MS
Rows (Grades)
8.98291666
7
1.7966
26.781
Columns (Area)
10.2175
5.1088
10
0.0671
17
Error
Total
0.67083333
3
19.87125
1.74E- 3.32
05
58
8.88E- 4.10
76.155
07
28
Squares
Sig.
8.983
.671
10
10.217
.671
10
1.797 26.781
.000
.067a
Hypothesis
Error
a. MS(Error)
Mean Square
Hypothesis
Error
Area
df
5.109 76.155
.067a
.000
Plot
SLOW
MEDIUM
HIGH
SURYA
3.7
4.5
3.1
BAJAJ
3.4
3.9
2.8
PHILIPS
3.5
4.1
3.0
OSRAM
3.2
3.5
2.6
HAVELLS
3.9
4.8
3.4
Single Factor
Anova: Single
Factor
SUMMARY
Averag Varian
Count Sum
e
ce
5 17.7
3.54 0.073
5 20.8
4.16 0.258
5 14.9
2.98 0.092
Groups
SLOW
MEDIUM
HIGH
ANOVA
Source of
Variation
SS
Between Groups 3.484
Within Groups
1.692
Total
5.176
Pdf
MS
F
value F crit
2 1.742 12.355 0.0012
3.8853
12 0.141
14
SUMMARY
Count
Sum
Average Variance
SURYA
11.3
3.767
0.493
BAJAJ
10.1
3.367
0.303
PHILIPS
10.6
3.533
0.303
OSRAM
9.3
3.100
0.210
HAVELLS
12.1
4.033
0.503
SLOW
17.7
3.540
0.073
MEDIUM
20.8
4.160
0.258
HIGH
14.9
2.980
0.092
ANOVA
Source of Variation
SS
df
MS
P-value
F crit
Rows (Brands)
1.5493
0.3873
21.7196
0.0002
3.8379
Columns (Voltage)
3.4840
1.7420
97.6822
0.0000
4.4590
Error
0.1427
0.0178
Total
5.176
14
Variance
MEDIUM
HIGH
MEAN
SURYA
3.7
4.5
3.1
3.77
BAJAJ
3.4
3.9
2.8
3.37
PHILIPS
3.5
4.1
3.0
3.53
OSRAM
3.2
3.5
2.6
3.10
HAVELL
S
3.9
4.8
3.4
4.03
3.54
4.16
2.98
3.56
BRAND
MEANS
Notice!!!
MEAN
MEDIUM
HIGH
3.77
3.77
3.77
3.77
3.37
PHILIPS
3.37
3.37
Same Across Voltage
3.53
3.53
3.53
OSRAM
3.10
3.10
3.10
3.10
HAVELLS
4.03
4.03
4.03
4.03
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.56
SURYA
BAJAJ
Different Across
Brand
SLOW
MEANS
3.37
3.53
Notice!!!
BAJAJ
SURYA
LOW
MEDIUM
HIGH
MEAN
3.54
4.16
2.98
3.56
3.54
4.16
2.98
3.56
PHILIPS
3.54
4.16
2.98
3.56
OSRAM
3.54
4.16
2.98
3.56
HAVELLS
3.54
4.16
2.98
3.56
3.54
4.16
2.98
3.56
MEANS
Take means
and filter out
the variation!
STANDARD
PREMIUM
MANUFACTURER-1
61.50
66.00
66.00
63.00
62.50
63.00
MANUFACTURER-2
64.50
67.00
65.00
70.50
67.00
67.50
MANUFACTURER-3
65.50
61.50
68.00
63.00
66.50
66.00
Life in thousand hours.
Picture speaks
something!!!
For
For that
that we
we have
have to
to
stretch
stretch ourselves
ourselves
and
and
ANALYSIS OF
VARIANCE:
TWO-WAY
FACTORIAL
DESIGN
PGPM
NM P
EM P
75
58
61
68
56
63
71
61
65
75
60
64
66
62
61
70
60
66
68
59
63
68
68
61
ANOTHER OTHER
PGPM
Marks
obtained in
the
examination
-Individual
observations
NMP
EMP
1
TYPE OF
EXAM
(ROW
TREATMENT)
2
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE..
TWO
TWO -- WAY
WAY ANOVA
ANOVA
TABLE
TABLE ...................
...................
---- FACTORIAL
FACTORIAL DESIGN
DESIGN ----
PGPM
NMP
EMP
Total
OPEN-BOOK EXAMINATION
Count
4.0000
4.0000
4.0000
12.0000
289.0000
235.0000
253.0000
777.0000
Average
72.2500
58.7500
63.2500
64.7500
Variance
11.5833
4.9167
2.9167
39.6591
4.0000
4.0000
4.0000
12.0000
272.0000
249.0000
251.0000
772.0000
Average
68.0000
62.2500
62.7500
64.3333
Variance
2.6667
16.2500
5.5833
14.0606
8.0000
8.0000
8.0000
561.0000
484.0000
504.0000
Average
70.1250
60.5000
63.0000
Variance
11.2679
12.5714
3.7143
Sum
CLOSED-BOOK EXAMINATION
Count
Sum
Total
Count
Sum
ANOVA
Source of Variation
Sample
SS
df
MS
P-value
F crit
1.0417
1.0000
1.0417
0.1423
0.7104
4.4139
399.0833
2.0000
199.5417
27.2619
0.0000
3.5546
60.0833
2.0000
30.0417
4.1044
0.0340
3.5546
Within
131.7500
18.0000
7.3194
Total
591.9583
23.0000
Columns
Interaction
df
5
1
2
1
2
18
24
23
Mean Square
F
92.042
12.575
99975.042 13658.829
199.542
27.262
1.042
.142
30.042
4.104
7.319
Sig.
.000
.000
.000
.710
.034
72
70
68
TYPE OF EXAMINATION
66
64
OPEN-BOOK EXAMINATIO
62
60
CLOSED-BOOK EXAMINAT
58
PGPM
ION
PROGRAMME
NMP
EMP
Imagery Group
COUNTING
OLD
YOUNG
9
8
6
8
10
4
6
5
7
7
8
6
4
6
7
6
5
7
9
7
RHYMING
7
9
6
6
6
11
6
3
8
7
10
7
8
10
4
7
10
6
7
7
ADJECTIVE
11
13
8
6
14
11
13
13
10
11
14
11
18
14
13
22
17
16
12
11
IMAGERY
12
11
16
11
9
23
12
10
19
11
20
16
16
15
18
16
20
22
14
19
INTENTIONAL
10
19
14
5
10
11
14
15
11
11
21
19
17
15
22
16
22
22
18
21
SUMMARY
COUNTING
RHYMING
ADJECTIVE IMAGERY
INTENTIONAL Total
OLD
Count
Sum
10.0000
70.0000
10.0000
69.0000
10.0000
110.0000
10.0000
134.0000
10.0000
120.0000
50.0000
503.0000
7.0000
3.3333
6.9000
4.5444
11.0000
6.2222
13.4000
20.2667
12.0000
14.0000
10.0600
16.0576
10.0000
65.0000
10.0000
76.0000
10.0000
148.0000
10.0000
176.0000
10.0000
193.0000
50.0000
658.0000
Average
6.5000
7.6000
14.8000
17.6000
19.3000
13.1600
Variance
2.0556
3.8222
12.1778
6.7111
7.1222
33.4841
Count
20.0000
20.0000
20.0000
20.0000
20.0000
Sum
135.0000
145.0000
258.0000
310.0000
313.0000
Average
6.7500
7.2500
12.9000
15.5000
15.6500
Variance
2.6184
4.0921
12.5158
17.4211
24.0289
Average
Variance
YOUNG
Count
Sum
Total
ANOVA
Source of Variation
SS
df
MS
P-value
F crit
Sample
240.2500
1.0000
240.2500
29.9356
0.0000
3.9469
Columns
1514.9400
4.0000
378.7350
47.1911
0.0000
2.4729
Interaction
190.3000
4.0000
47.5750
5.9279
0.0003
2.4729
Within
722.3000
90.0000
8.0256
Total
2667.7900
99.0000
20
18
LEVEL OF PROCESSING
16
14
COUNTING
12
RHYMING
10
ADJECTIVE
8
IMAGERY
6
4
INTENTIONAL
OLD
AGE GROUP
YOUNG
20
18
16
14
12
AGE GROUP
10
8
OLD
6
4
COUNTING
YOUNG
RHYMING
ADJECTIVE
LEVEL OF PROCESSING
IMAGERY
INTENTIONAL
STANDARD
PREMIUM
MANUFACTURER-1
61.50
66.00
66.00
63.00
62.50
63.00
MANUFACTURER-2
64.50
67.00
65.00
70.50
67.00
67.50
MANUFACTURER-3
65.50
61.50
68.00
63.00
66.50
66.00
Life in thousand hours.
df
76630.5000
12771.7500
MANUF
31.8611
15.9306
4.6064
0.033
MODEL
0.0556
0.0556
0.0161
0.901
27.6944
13.8472
4.0040
0.047
Source
Model
MANUF * MODEL
Error
Total
41.5
76672
12
18
Mean
Square
3.4583
Sig.
3693.0361 0.000
Any Question?