GOLD DEPOSIT

PROPERTIES

Name : Gold, symbol Au (from Latin aurum, gold),

It is one of the softest metals (hardness, 2.5 to 3) , dense, bright yellow
metallic element.
Gold is one of the transition elements of the periodic table (see Periodic
Law); its atomic number is 79.
Gold is extremely inactive. It is unaffected by air, heat, moisture, and
most solvents.
It will, however, dissolve in aqueous mixtures containing various
halogens such as chlorides, bromides, or some iodides. It will also
dissolve in some oxidizing mixtures, such as cyanide ion with oxygen,
and in aqua regia, a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids. The
chlorides and cyanides are important compounds of gold.
Gold melts at about 1064 C (about 1947 F), boils at about 2808 C
(about 5086 F),
and has a specific gravity of 19.3; its atomic weight is 196.97.

USES

Gold is a soft metal and is usually alloyed to give it

more strength.
It is a good conductor of heat and electricity, and is
unaffected by air and most reagents.
It is used in coinage and is a standard for monetary
systems in many countries.
It is used for coating certain space satellites, as it is
a good reflector of infrared and is inert.

 It is also extensively used for jewelry, decoration, dental work, and

for plating.
The unit used in weighing gold is the troy ounce; 1 troy ounce is
equivalent to 31.1 grams
When alloyed with other metals, the term carat is used to express
the amount of gold present, 24 carats being pure gold.
White gold is an alloy of gold mixed with white metals such as nickel,
silver, and palladium. Like yellow gold, white gold glitters in a variety of
carats: 18ct, 14ct, or 9ct. Green gold used in jewelry contains copper and
silver

HISTORY OF GOLD PRODUCTION

Gold production dates from the Etruscan, Minoan, Assyrian, and

Egyptian civilizations, when placer gold was derived from alluvial
sands and gravels by simple processes of washing or panning.
Gold was produced in this manner at an early period in India,
central Asia, the southern Ural Mountains and in the regions
bordering the eastern Mediterranean.
With progress in mining technique, primary auriferous (goldbearing) veins were exploited; this type of gold mining attained
some importance before the Christian era.

HISTORY OF GOLD PRODUCTION

During the succeeding 350 years, from the end of the 15th century
to about 1850, the world gold output totaled about 4,665,000 kg.
South America and Mexico became large producers of gold during
this period. Spain's domination in South America resulted, in the
16th century, in a large increase in gold produced in the New
World; some resulted from simple seizure of gold from the Native
Americans, who had long mined the metal.
In the same century Mexico contributed about 9 percent of the total
world production.

HISTORY OF GOLD PRODUCTION

Gold was discovered in Australia in February 1851, and rich fields were
found there.
By the middle of the 19th century the United States produced a
considerable
percentage
of
the
world
gold
production.
The western gold fields extend in the Cordilleran region from Alaska to
Mexico. Gold was discovered first in this region in California on January
24, 1848, during excavation for a sawmill on land settled by the American
pioneer John Sutter.
Placer deposits of gold were discovered on the Yukon River in Canada and
Alaska in 1869. The discovery in 1896 of a rich deposit in the Bonanza
Creek, a headwater of the Klondike River, which in turn is a tributary of the
Yukon, led to another gold rush.
South Africa is the world's leading supplier of gold, producing 402 metric
tons in 2001; its most important gold mines are in the Witwatersrand
region.
Some 70 other countries produce gold in commercial quantities, but two
thirds of the total worldwide production now comes from South Africa, the
United States, Australia, China, Canada, and Russia.

HISTORY OF GOLD PRODUCTION

IN INDONESIA
BEFORE COLONIAL RULE

Gold mining in Indonesia has a long story

The Chinese mined alluvial deposits in Kalimantan in the 4 th
century,and extensive underground and alluvial mining was carried
out by hindu immigrants and native popullation in Sumatra and Nort
Sulawesi.
Ancient Chinese and Sankrit manuskripts, ore than 1000 years ,
describe the gold wealth of the Indonesian Archipelago and the
present of many gold mines.

HISTORY OF GOLD PRODUCTION

IN INDONESIA

DURING COLONIAL RULE

The Dutch preferred to buy gold and silver from the native popullation
IN the ennd of the 18 century and the early of the 19 century, there was
a sudden rush in gold exploration and mining activities in West
Kalimantan, Nort Sulawesi and various parts of Sumatra
Lebong Donok and Lebong Tandai in Bengkulu contribute 61.5% of the
total gold production of 130 tonnes bbbetween 1896-1941

HISTORY OF GOLD PRODUCTION

IN INDONESIA
DURING INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT RULE
About 100 years after the first gold boom, Indonesia witnessed a
second gold rush
It was brought about by three factors : a) a global boom in golg exp in
early 1980s, b) a perceived potential for epithermal gold in Indonesia,
and c) significants modifications made to the Third Generation nCOW
By 1987, 103 COWs for gold covering approximately 360.000 km has
been signed. The majority of these were entered into by smaller
Australian companies.
But the euphoria was,however, short-lived. Lower gold prices
significanly slowed exploration and development activity
By mid-1991, most of the smaller foreing companies had left or
drastically reduce their activities.
This decline activities, more drastic after Busang gate, monetery
problem of indonesian Government till reformation euphoria.

SEBARAN BUSUR MAGMATIK DAN ENDAPAN BIJIH DI INDONESIA

LAUT CINA SELATAN

KALIMANTAN

MALAYSIA

Borneo

Tombulilato
(Ni)
Malala
(Ni)

Masupa Ria
Bintan (Au,Ag)
(Al)

Calang
Geumpang

SUMATERA
Logas
Lebong Tandai
(Au,Ag)
Lebong Donok
(Au,Ag)
Lebong Simpang
(Au,Ag)
Endapan bijih utama
Busur magmatik termineralisasi
( sumber: Carlile dan Mitchel, 1994 )

Kelian
(Au)

Burung Mandi
(Au)

Cikijang
(Au)
Cikotok
(Au,Ag)

MINDANAO

Busang
Mt. Muro (Au)
(Au,Ag)

Ampalit
(Au)

Kelapa Kampit Mirah

(Au,Ag)
(Sn)

JAWA

SULAWESI
SUMBAWA

Gosowang
Mesel
(Au)

Bulagidun
(Cu,Ag)
Soroako
(Ni)
Pomalaa
(Ni)
WETAR

Gebe
(Ni)

Grasberg/Estberg
(Cu, Au)

Gag
(Ni)

Lerokis/
Kali Kuning
(Au,Ag)

IRIAN
JAYA

Gunung Pongkor
(Au,Ag)
Trenggalek Batu Hijau
(Cu, Au)

SAMODRA HINDIA

Primalirang

AUSTRALIA

OCCURENCES
It is widely distributed although it is rare, being 75th in order of abundance
of the elements in the crust of the earth.
Gold is found in nature as the free metal and It is almost always associated
with varying amounts of silver; the naturally occurring gold-silver alloy is
called electrum.
Gold occurs, in chemical combination with tellurium, in the minerals
calaverite and sylvanite along with silver, and in the mineral nagyagite
along with lead, antimony, and sulfur. It occurs with mercury as gold
amalgam.
It is generally present to a small extent in iron pyrites; galena, the lead
sulfide ore that usually contains silver, sometimes also contains
appreciable amounts of gold.
Gold also occurs in seawater to the extent of 5 to 250 parts by weight to
100 million parts of water. Although the quantity of gold present in
seawater is more than 9 billion metric tons, the cost of recovering the gold
would be far greater than the value of the gold that could thus be
recovered.

Sylvanite

Native Gold

OCCURENCES
GEOLOGICAL SETTING

It is very widely distributed and is almost always

associated with quartz or pyrite.
It occurs in veins, veinlets and stockwork of
greenstone belts, epitermal , porphyry, and skarn
deposits
Also occurs as alluvial deposits

Gold in Greenstone Belts

Gold is found in Archean (rocks older than 2.5 billion years) greenstone belts in
Australia, southern Africa, and Canada. Greenstone belts are volcanicsedimentary sequences, which include ultramafic rocks, dolerite, basalt, chert,
sandstone, shale, tuff, banded iron-formation and other rock types. These rocks
are very complex, having undergone metamorphism, folding, faulting, and
shearing. Gold is most commonly found along the edges of greenstone belts and
associated with structural features

Gold and copper are found in ore bodies associated with porphry. Porphry is a
general term applied to igneous rocks of any composition that contain conspicuous
phenocrysts (crystals) in a fine-grained groundmass.

Epithermal refers to mineral deposits that form in association with hot waters.
The deposits form within 1 km of the surface and water temperatures are about
50-200 degrees C.

ALLUVIAL DEPOSIT

Lempeng Eurasia

Lempeng Amerika Utara

Lempeng Pasifik
Lempeng Afrika

Lempeng Nazca
Lempeng Hindia-Australia

Lempeng Antartik

Batas lempeng tektonik yang besar

Lempeng
Amerika Selatan

MINING
The simplest process used for mining gold is panning, using a circular dish
often with a small pocket at the bottom.
As gold mining developed, more elaborate methods were introduced and
hydraulic mining was invented. The hydraulic method consists of directing a
powerful stream of water against the gold-bearing gravel or sand.
Extensive underground deposits of gold-bearing rocks are often discovered
by a small outcrop on the surface. Shafts are sunk, as in coal mining, and
the ore is brought to the surface. It is then crushed in special machines.
Gold is extracted from gravel or from crushed rock by dissolving it either in
mercury (the amalgam process) or in cyanide solutions (the cyanide
process).
Some ores, especially those in which the gold is chemically combined with
tellurium, must be roasted before extraction.
The rarest form of gold is a nugget. The largest known nugget, the Welcome
Stranger, weighing 2,284 troy oz (equivalent to 59.0 kg/130.1 pounds), in
Victoria, Australia, in 1869.

TERIMAKASIH