Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ecology
Betha Putri Rahmaningrum
(3315115796)
Nur Rohmah
(3315115770)
Okty Chairunnisa
(3315115798)
Sarah Afsholnissa
(3315115767)
Viory Eka Savitry
(3315115781)
Types of System
Isolated
Closed
Open
Ecology System
S = sun, P = producers, H = herbivores, C = carnivores, D = decomposers,
NP = nutrient pool, EF = energy flow and MC = matter cycling
Componen of Ecosystem
The non living environment (abiotic)
Producers
Consumers
Decomposers
Functional attributes of an
Ecosystem
Biological diversity and maintenance of
stability
Primary and secondary productivity
Food chain realitionships
Energy flow
Material cycling
Homeostasis and feedback
Development and evolution of
ecosystem
Works on :
Evaporation
Transport
Condensation
Precipitation
Groundwater
Run-off
Nitrogen fixation
N2 NH4+ Nitrogen fixation
is the process wherein N2
is converted to
ammonium, essential
because it is the only way
that organisms can attain
nitrogen directly from
the atmosphere. Certain
bacteria, for example
those among the genus
Rhizobium, are the only
organisms that fix
nitrogen through
metabolic processes
Nitrification
Denitrification
NO3- N2+ N2O Through denitrification,
oxidized forms of nitrogen such as
nitrate and nitrite (NO2-) are
converted to dinitrogen (N2) and, to a
lesser extent, nitrous oxide gas.
Oxygen cycle
FEEDBACK
This is a concept of system theory regarding interactions.
Negative feedback means that a factor within a control
system has negative influence on itself. Example: In a
biotope there are a certain number of foxes and prey
animals like hares and mice. When the number of foxes
increases, they reduce the prey animals. As they now have
less food, also the foxes get less. And so the prey animals
can multiply again. Negative feedback thus tends to lead to
a stable balance.
A positive feedback on the other hand means that a factor
strengthens itself and so can run out of any balance. An
example of positive feedback in ecology: A plant has
become rare in a biotope. Therefore its pollinators hardly
ever come there. As a consequence the plants often stay
without pollination and so get reduced in number.
Concept
Food Chain : the transfer of food energy
from plant sources through a series of
organisms forms.
Plant Herbivore Carnivore 1
Carnivore 2
Organisms whose food is obtained from
plants by the same number of steps are
said to belong to the same trophic level.
Types
Grazing
Detritus
Parasitic Operation
Significance
Food chains help us to :
comprehend the energy flow mechanism
and matter circulation in ecosystems
understand the movement of toxic
substances in the ecosystem
the problem of biological magnification.
Precipitin Test
Concept
Sun as Source of
energy
Laws Governing
Energy Transformation
Energy transformation
in nature
Energy flow
Models
Ecological
Efficiencies
Lindemans
Concept
Concept
Energy is the capacity to do work
In biological world the energy flows
from the sun to plants and then to all
heterotrophic organisms
Kinetic
Mechanical
Energy
Potential
Energy Transformation in
Nature
The average amount of solar energy per
unit area per unit time it depends on their
geographical location.
This diagram shows that energy transfer
isnt 100% efficient and there is degradation
of energy (2nd Law of Thermodynamics)
Each transfer and the end result confirms
the 1st Law of Thermodynamics
Ecological Efficiencies
The ratio between energy flow at different
points along the food chain expressed as
percentage
Between
trophic levels
Ecological
Efficiences
Within
trophic levels
Primary Production
Primary production is the chemical energy
generated by autotrophs, derived from
fixation of CO2 in photosynthesis and
chemosynthesis.
Secondary Production
Secondary productionenergy derived
from consumption of organic compounds
that were produced by other organisms.
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- Ecosystems influenced and controlled the
athmosphere by their activities.
- Natural selection. It brought evolutionary
changes at species and subspecies level.
Non-linearity
Interaction
Feedback
Discontinuity