PV TECHNOLOGY

AND SYSTEMS

Bianco
Zandbergen
Aditya Chaudhary
Insani Abdi Bangsa
Raunak Kulkarni
1

OUTLINE

Different Types of Solar Cells

Manufacturing of Crystalline Solar Cells
Efficiency of Solar Cells
Photovoltaic Systems

 Different Types of
Solar Cells
Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOLAR CELLS

Efficiency and
Losses of Solar
Cells
Photovoltaic
Systems

MARKET SHARE BY TECHNOLOGY

Different Types of
Solar Cells
Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells
Efficiency and
Losses of Solar
Cells
Photovoltaic
Systems

(Fraunhofer, Photovoltaics Report, 2015)

MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS

Different Types of
Solar Cells
Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells
Efficiency and
Losses of Solar
Cells

Made of pure silicon (silicon ingot)

Typical efficiency: 15% 20%
Long lifetime
High temperature resistant
Expensive

Photovoltaic
Systems
www.vs.inf.ethz.ch

MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS

Different Types of
Solar Cells
Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells
Efficiency and
Losses of Solar
Cells
Photovoltaic
Systems

Molded in rectangular shape

Typical efficiency: 13% - 16%
Cheaper than monocrystalline
Performance drops significantly at
higher temperatures
Multicrystalline

Monocrystalline
(Wikipedia)

THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS

Different Types of
Solar Cells
Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells
Efficiency and
Losses of Solar
Cells
Photovoltaic
Systems

Applied as a film layer on substrate

Example substrates: glass, plastic and metal
Three types:
- Cadmium Telluride
- Amorphous Silicon

- Copper Indium Gallium Selenide

Typical efficiency: 7% 13%
Shorter lifetime compared to silicon
Very cheap manufacturing
Flexible solar panels
http://incrediblehome.net
7

LABORATORY EFFICIENCY RESULTS

Different Types of
Solar Cells
Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells
Efficiency and
Losses of Solar
Cells
Photovoltaic
Systems

(Fraunhofer, Photovoltaics Report, 2015)

 Different Types of
Solar Cells
Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells

MANUFACTURING OF CRYSTALLINE SOLAR CELLS

Efficiency and
Losses of Solar
Cells
Photovoltaic
Systems

 Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells
Different Types of
Solar Cells
Efficiency of Solar
Cells
Photovoltaic
Systems

the production process of monocrystalline silicon wafers

(Jger, 2014)10

 Different Types of
Solar Cells
Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells
Efficiency and
Losses of Solar
Cells
Photovoltaic
Systems

Scheme of a modern crystalline silicon cell.

(Jger, 2014)
11

 Different Types of
Solar Cells
Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells

EFFICIENCY AND LOSSES OF SOLAR CELLS

Efficiency and
Losses of Solar
Cells
Photovoltaic
Systems

12

WHAT IS EFFICIENCY
Different Types of
Solar Cells
Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells

Electrical

output compared to the intensity of

incoming radiation

Efficiency and
Losses of Solar
Cells
Photovoltaic
Systems

: maximum power output (

: power density ()
: surface area()

13

WHAT CAUSES LOSSES

Different Types of
Solar Cells
Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells
Efficiency and
Losses of Solar
Cells

Parasitic losses
Shading losses
Reflection

Photovoltaic
Systems

14

PARASITIC LOSSES
Different Types of
Solar Cells
Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells
Efficiency and
Losses of Solar
Cells
Photovoltaic
Systems

(Gamry Instrument, 2011)

15

PARASITIC RESISTANCES
Different Types of
Solar Cells

Ideally 0

Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells
Efficiency and
Losses of Solar
Cells
Photovoltaic
Systems

Ideally
(PV Education, 2013)

16

PARASITIC RESISTANCE: SERIES

Different Types of
Solar Cells
Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells
Efficiency and
Losses of Solar
Cells
Photovoltaic
Systems

(Gamry Instrument, 2011)

17

PARASITIC RESISTANCE: SHUNT

Different Types of
Solar Cells
Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells
Efficiency and
Losses of Solar
Cells
Photovoltaic
Systems

(Gamry Instrument, 2011)

18

SHADING
Different Types of
Solar Cells
Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells
Efficiency and
Losses of Solar
Cells
Photovoltaic
Systems

(PV Education, 2013)

19

 Different Types of
Solar Cells
Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells
Efficiency and
Losses of Solar
Cells
Photovoltaic
Systems

(PV Education, 2013)

20

 Different Types of
Solar Cells
Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells
Efficiency and
Losses of Solar
Cells
Photovoltaic
Systems

(PV Education, 2013)

21

 Different Types of
Solar Cells
Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells
Efficiency and
Losses of Solar
Cells
Photovoltaic
Systems

(PV Education, 2013)

22

REFLECTION: OPTICAL LOSSES

Different Types of
Solar Cells
Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells
Efficiency and
Losses of Solar
Cells
Photovoltaic
Systems

(PV Education, 2013)

23

SOLUTION: ANTI-REFLECTION COATINGS

Different Types of
Solar Cells
Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells
Efficiency and
Losses of Solar
Cells
Photovoltaic
Systems

Dielectric
Material

(PV Education, 2013)

24

IS IT IMPORTANT?

VERY, but NOT MOST

REQUIREMENT VS COST

25

 Different Types of
Solar Cells
Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells

PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS

Efficiency and
Losses of Solar
Cells
Photovoltaic
Systems

26

STAND-ALONE SYSTEM
Different Types of
Solar Cells
Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells
Efficiency and
Losses of Solar
Cells
Photovoltaic
Systems

Solar Energy Fundamentals, Technology, and Systems,

Jger,et.al.,2015

27

GRID-CONNECTED SYSTEM
Different Types of
Solar Cells
Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells
Efficiency and
Losses of Solar
Cells
Photovoltaic
Systems

Solar Energy Fundamentals, Technology, and Systems,

Jger,et.al.,2015

28

PV SYSTEM DESIGN RULES

Different Types of
Solar Cells
Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells
Efficiency and
Losses of Solar
Cells
Photovoltaic
Systems

1. Determining the total load current (Ah)

2. Adding losses
3. Determining the equivalent sun hours (ESH)
4. Determining solar array current
5. Determining optimum module arrangement for array
6. Determining battery size

29

PV SYSTEM
Different Types of
Solar Cells
Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells
Efficiency and
Losses of Solar
Cells
Photovoltaic
Systems

www.greenwerkspro.com

www.marathonroof.com

30

SUMMARY
Different Types of
Solar Cells
Manufacturing of
Crystalline Solar
Cells
Efficiency and
Losses of Solar
Cells

There are 3 main categories of solar cells, each with their advantages & disadvantages.

Manufacturing of solar cells is a complex process.

The efficiency makes various output power.

Now everybody can install a PV system in their house.

Photovoltaic
Systems

31

PV TECHNOLOGY
AND SYSTEMS

Bianco
Zandbergen
Aditya Chaudhary
Insani Abdi Bangsa
Raunak Kulkarni
32

REFERENCES

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency, 21 October 2015

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell, 20 October 2015

http://www.yougen.co.uk/blogentry/2189/How+important+is+the+efficiency+of+solar+panel'3F/, 18 October 2015

http://www.altenergy.org/renewables/solar/common-types-of-solar-cells.html, 20 October
2015

http://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/design/anti-reflection-coatings, 21 October 2015

Jger,et.al., Solar Energy Fundamentals, Technology, and Systems, 2015

Gamry Instrument, Dye Solar Cells Basic Principles and Measurements, 2011
Fraunhofer, Photovoltaic Report, 2015

33