Dyestuff and Color

Science
TET-304
Engr. Nasir Sarwar

Dye stuf
Dye:
An ionized aromatic compound that
have the ability impart color to the
substrate on which these are applied,
is termed as DYE.
All dyes contains aromatic
compounds.
Substrate may be textile(Fiber,
fabric, paper, leather, plastics wax,
cosmetic base etc.

 Aromatic compoundsare
substances that consist of one or
more rings that contain alternating
single and double bonds in its
chemical structure.
Benzene

Other Examples

 A dye is a colored substance but as

colored substance are not dye.
e.g. Azo benzene Red in color but
not Dye Why

Properties of Dye
Stable Structure- Should not go
structural change easily.
Should have affinity for its substrate.
Should be soluble in water or in any
suitable media or made stable
dispersion.
After application should resist to
certain physical/chemical action with
acceptable limits.

What is color
The perception of colour is an ability of some
animals, including humans, to detect some
wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation
(light) diferently from other wavelengths.
When light fall on any object it absorbs to
some extant and shows reflectance,
transition and scattered.
The potions of light in visible spectrum of
light reaches to our eye is detected as color

 Color is nothing just the rays of certain

wave length that detected by our eye.
electrons fall to lower energy levels and
give of light in the form of a spectrum.
These spectral lines are actually specific
amounts of energy for when an electron
transitions to a lower energy level.
Electrons can only occupy specific
energy levels in an atom to be stabilized.

 Electron jumps and release energy in

form of rays of diferent wave length.

 When an object absorbs some of the

radiation from within that range we
see the waves that are left over, and
the object appears coloured. In
reality this range we see makes up
only a very small fraction of the
electromagnetic spectrum.

Human Eye respond to wavelengths

between about 400-700 nm.

What makes Dye Colored

Is It
chromophore???

 The absorption of electromagnetic

radiation of varying wavelengths,
depending on the energy of the
electron clouds. For this reason,
chromophores do not make dyes
coloured in the sense that they
confer on them the ability to absorb
radiation.

 chromophores function by altering

the energy in the delocalised
electron cloud of the dye, and this
alteration results in the compound
absorbing radiation from within the
visible range instead of outside it.
Our eyes detect that absorption, and
respond to the lack of a complete
range of wavelengths by seeing
colour.

Examples of Chromophor

Auxochrome

Auxochrome
The wordauxochromeis derived
from two roots. The prefixauxois
fromauxein, and
meansincreased.The second
part,chromemeanscolour,so the
basic meaning of the word
auxochrome iscolour
increaser.This word was coined
because it was noted originally that
the addition of ionising groups

Efect of auxochrome aromatic

system
To the left is naphthalene, a colourless compound.
The addition of a single hydroxyl group to naphthalene
produces 1-naphthol which is also a colourless
compound, but one which can ionise.
If instead of a hydroxyl group we add the nitro
group, which is a chromophore, we get the
compound 2,4-dinitronaphthalene. The addition of
this chromophore has caused it to become pale
yellow.
If instead of a hydroxyl or nitro groups, both a
hydroxyl and nitro groups are added, we get the deep
yellow dye, martius yellow.

Modifiers
Groups that alter the colour of dyes by
altering the energy in the delocalized
electrons.
They themselves cannot do this enough to
cause absorption in the visible range, but
they can afect the shade significantly
when absorption is already in that range.
Adding more of a particular modifier results
in a progressive alteration of colour.
Example - the Methyl violet series*.

Modifier

Without any methyl groups the

parent dye is called
pararosanilinand is red.

When four methyl groups are

added we get the reddish purple
dyemethyl violet.
As more methyl groups are
added we get the purple blue
dyecrystal violetwhich has six
such groups.
If a seventh methyl group is
added, the resulting dye ismethyl
green.

Terms associated with Dyes

Hue: The degree of stimuli of
absorbing specific wavelength.
These are the family oftwelve
purest colors.
Three Primary Colors (RGB)
ThreeSecondary Colors(?)
SixTertiary Colors(?)

For understanding, any of basic these

basic color is Hue

Strength: Absorbance of Dye at a

particular Wavelength.
A dye with batter strength have
deeper shade% at low concentration.
Bathochromic Shift
A structural change which causes the absorption
band to longer wavelengths (i.e. yellow ->
orange -> red, violet -> blue -> green) is called
abathochromicshift.

The reverse shift, towards shorter wavelengths is

known as ahypsochromicefect.

Chromophors- Electron withdrawing groups

Auxochrome- Electron donating groups

A bathochromic shift may be caused by

increasing the electron-withdrawing power of the
chromophore (X or Y), increasing the electrondonating power of the auxochrome (Y or X) and
by increasing the length of the conjugated system
connecting the two.

The position of the chromophore and

auxochrome also has an efect. In general,
the meta position (M) has the shortest
wavelength, and the para (P) and ortho (O)
absorption wavelengths are approximately
equal, and longer than meta.

Groups-cause more bathochromic

shift

Photochromism
Photochromismis the reversible
transformation of a chemical species between
two forms by the absorption of
electromagnetic radiation, where the two
forms have diferent absorption spectra.
It is consider a fault in textile.
It is due to diferent isomeric position of stable
dye structure.

Cis/Trans Isomerisim
The terms cis and trans are from
Latin, in whichcismeans "on this
side"[andtransmeans "on the other
side" or "across".
As with any double bond, the planar
-N=N- bond shows geometrical
isomerism

Trans

Cis

 Trans form is more stable than cis.

Strong polar group, less will be
photochromism