
 

|
 
AN INTRODUCTION

  


   
Chapter 14

Principles of Disease and

Epidemiology
 Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

‡ Pathology: Study of disease

‡ a: in a state of not being healthy
‡ Pathog: disease causing organisms
‡ tology: Study of the cause of a disease
‡ Pathog Development of disease
‡ to: Colonization or invasion of pathogens,
may be microbes in the wrong place
- Example: (
 in the urinary tract)
 Normal Microbiota (Flora) and the Host

‡ Normal Flora - the normal bacteria in you and on you

± You have 1013 eucaryotic cells and 1014 prokaryotic cells
± Within 8 - 12 hours of life you are colonized by normal flora
(microbiota).
‡ Breast feeding versus bottle - different organisms
‡ Transient microbiota may be present for days, weeks,
or months
‡ Microbial antagonism
± Normal microbiota overwhelm pathogens - no place for them
to colonize
‡ Intestines and vagina - excessive antibiotics disrupts balance
± Vagina normally pH ~ 4 with À  

without can lead to






‡ Symbiosis is the relationship between normal
microbiota and the host
 Normal Microbiota and the Host:
‡ In commensalism, one organism is benefited and the other
is unaffected.
‡ In mutualism, both organisms benefit.
÷ Be able to give a few examples of mutualistic bacteria
‡ In parasitism, one organism is benefited at the expense of
the other.
‡ Some normal microbiota are opportunistic pathogens.
± 
 and urinary tract
± 
  
 
 and respiratory system
± 



 
  and pneumonia
Normal Microbiota and the Host:

‡ Locations of
normal
microbiota on
and in the
human body

   
 Normal Microbiota and the Host:
‡ Microbial antagonism is competition between
microbes.
‡ Normal microbiota protect the host by:
± occupying niches that pathogens might occupy
± producing acids
± producing bacteriocins
‡ Probiotics are live microbes applied to or
ingested into the body, intended to exert a
beneficial effect.
± À  

Koch¶s Postulates
‡ Koch's Postulates are used to
prove the cause of an
infectious disease.

    
 Koch¶s Postulates
‡ Koch's Postulates are used to
prove the cause of an infectious
disease.
‡ Problems with Koch¶s Postulates:
‡ Not all diseases have bacterial
etiologies
± Genetic
± Degenerative
± Congenital
‡ Exceptions
± Not culturable
‡ j



 

 


 
± Some pathogens cause many
different diseases
    
 Classifying Infectious Diseases

‡ ymptom: A change in body function that is

felt by a patient as a result of disease
‡ g: A change in a body that can be measured
or observed as a result of disease.
‡ yom: A specific group of signs and
symptoms that accompany a disease.
 Classifying Infectious Diseases

Diseases may be grouped by how they spread

‡ Communicable disease A disease that is spread

from one host to another.
‡ Contagious disease A disease that is aly
spread from one host to
another.
‡ Noncommunicable disease A disease that is not
transmitted from one host
to another. Example:
 


 By occurrence of Disease
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 Extent of Host Involvement
‡ oxma : Toxins in the blood
‡ Vma Viruses in the blood
‡ Pmayto: Acute infection that causes the
initial illness
‡ oayto: Opportunistic infection after a
primary (predisposing) infection
± examples: 
   pneumonia and AIDS
‡ lala: No noticeable signs or
symptoms (inapparent infection)
± Examples: Hepatitis/Typhoid mary / Polio
 Predisposing Factors

‡ Make the body more susceptible to disease

± Short urethra in females
± Inherited traits such as the sickle-cell gene
± Climate and weather
± Fatigue and Stress
± Age
± Lifestyle
± Chemotherapy
± Gender
 Development of Disease

  
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 Reservoirs of Infection
‡ o of infection are continual sources of
infection.
± Human ² AIDS, gonorrhea
‡ Carriers may have inapparent infections or latent diseases.
‡ Carriers may be in pre-symptom stage or recovery of a disease -
no symptoms
± Animal ² Rabies, Lyme disease
‡ Some zoonoses may be transmitted to humans
± Plague / psittacosis / swine flu / bird flu
± Nonliving ² Botulism, tetanus
‡ Soil
‡ Water - rivers, lakes, snow, oceans and laundry water
 Transmission of Disease
‡ Three main routes
± otat - Direct or indirect
± Vhl - inanimate objects - e.g. food or drugs
± Vto - arthropods
ypootat
± t: Requires close association between
infected and susceptible host
± t: Spread by fomites (inanimate objects)
glass, toothbrush or clothing
± oplt: Transmission via airborne droplets
Transmission of Disease

   
 Transmission of Disease
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Transmission of Disease

   

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 Nosocomial
Hospital acquired
‡ 5 - 15% acquire
‡ >20,000 per year die ««. why?
a) microbes in environment -- (lots of sick people)
b) already sick or wounded -- compromised host
c) close to people - chain of transmission
‡ Also resistant strains - 

  

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‡ Control by aseptic techniques
‡ Antibiotic abuse
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 Common Causes of
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 Emerging Infectious Diseases
‡ Diseases that are new, increasing in
incidence, or showing a potential to increase
in the near future.
‡ Contributing factors:
± Evolution of new strains
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± Inappropriate use of antibiotics and pesticides
‡ Antibiotic resistant strains
± Changes in weather patterns
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± Spread of human populations and travel
 Emerging Infectious Diseases

‡ Contributing factors:
± Modern transportation
‡ West Nile virus
± Ecological disaster, war, expanding human
settlement
‡ Coccidioidomycosis
± Animal control measures
‡ Lyme disease
± Public Health failure
‡ Diphtheria
 Epidemiology
‡ The study of
where and when
diseases occur

   
 Epidemiology

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