Professional Documents
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Thea Jumamil
Raiza Luche
John Lumapas
Nicole Merced
Cesar Misador Jr.
diaphragm
Approximately at the 5th intercostal space
Base
Broad posterosuperior aspecet of the heart
Points toward the right shoulder and lies
Fibrous pericardium
Superficial layer of the pericardium
Anchors the heart to the surrounding organs
Serous pericardium
Deeper layer of pericardium
Its parietal layer lines the interior of the
fibrous pericardium
Its visceral layer forms the epicardium, which
is actually the first layer of the heart wall
circulation
The atria and ventricles are divided longitudinally by
Heart Valves
Allows blood in the heart to flow in only one
side
The left AV valve, the bicuspid or mitral valve,
consists of two flaps, or cusps, of endocardium.
The right AV valve, the tricuspid valve, consists
of three flaps
Chordae tendineae
heart strings
Anchor the flaps to the walls of the ventricles
Heart Valves
Semilunar valves
Guards the bases of the two large arteries
Heart Valves
Incompetent valve forces the heart to
Cardiac Circulation
Blood circulation that nourishes the myocardium
Blood is provided by the right and left coronary
arteries
Coronary arteries branch from the base of the
aorta and encircle the heart at the coronary
sulcus (atrioventricular groove), at the
junction of the atria and ventricles
Coronary arteries branches into the anterior
interventricular and circumflex arteries on
the left, and the posterior intervenricular and
marginal arteries on the right
Cardiac Circulation
The myocardium is drained by several
Cardiac Circulation
Angina pectoris
Chest pain resulting from deprivation of
oxygen in myocardium
If angina is prolonged, oxygen-deprived heart
muscles die, forming an infarct, and can
result to myocardial infarction
system
Built into the heart tissue
Sets the basic rhythm of the heart
Composed of special tissue found nowhere else in
the body
Causes heart muscle depolarization in only one
direction from the atria to the ventricles
Enforces a contraction rate of approximately 75
beats/min on the heart
heart (pacemaker)
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Located in the junction of atria and ventricles
Bundle branches
Located in the interventricular spetum
Purkinje fibers
Spread within the muscle of the ventricular walls
Bradycardia
Heart rate that is substantially slower than
Diastole
Heart relaxation
Cardiac cycle
The events of one complete heartbeat (about
0.8 sec)
3 periods
Mid-to-late diastole
Ventricular systole
Early diastole
Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO)
Amount of blood pumped out by each side of the
heart in 1 minute
Product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume
(SV)
Stroke volume
Volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with
each heartbeat
Increases when force of ventricular contraction
increases
CO = HR (75 beats/min) x SV (70 mL/beat)
CO = 5250 mL/min
Cardiac Output
Regulation of stroke volume
The heart pumps out about 60% of the blood in its
ventricles, about 70 mL
Starlings law of the heart
The critical factor controlling the stroke volume is how much the
cardiac muscle cells are stretched just before they contract. The
more they are stretched, the stronger the contraction will be
Cardiac Output
Factors modifying basic heart rate
Neural (ANS) controls
Hormones and ions
Physical factors
Cardiac Output
Neural (ANS) factors
In times of physical or emotional stress, the
Cardiac Output
Hormones and Ions
Epinephrine, which is released in response
Cardiac Output
Physical factors
Age, exercise, gender, and body temperature
Cardiac Output
Congestive heart failure
Pumping efficiency of heart is depressed so
Cardiac Output
Pulmonary congestion
Failure of the left side of the heart
Right side of the heart continues to propel blood to
the lungs, but the left side cannot eject blood into
systemic circulation
Blood vessels within the lungs become swollen, and
the pressure within them increases, and fluid leaks
into the lung tissue, causing pulmonary edema
Peripheral congestion
Failure of the right side of the heart
Blood backs up in the systemic circulation
Edema is most noticeable in the distal parts of the
body
Cardiac Output
Failure of one side of the heart puts greater
BLOOD VESSELS
Blood Vessels
Blood circulates inside the blood vessels, which
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF
BLOOD VESSELS
TUNICA- anatomy a membranous sheath
STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES IN
ARTERIES, VEINS, AND CAPILLARY
CAPILLARY BEDS- tiny capillaries tend to
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALACE
VARICOSE VEINS- are common in
GROSS ANATOMY OF
BLOOD VESSELS
Arterial Branches of
the Ascending Aorta
Right and Left Coronary
Arteries
Brachciocephalic Trunk
1. Right Common Carotid Artery
2. Right Subclavian Artery
1. Vertebral Artery
*Axillary Artery
*Brachial Artery
*Radial and Ulnar Arteries
Celiac Trunk
1. Left Gastric Artery
2. Splenic Artery (Spleen)
3. Common Hepatic Artery (Liver)
+ Axillary Vein
+ External Jugular Vein
V. Vertebral Vein
Vena Cava
+ Subclavian Vein
+ Vertebral Vein
+ Internal Jugular Vein
Superior
III.
Liver
SPECIAL CIRCULATIONS
Arteries
Carotid Arteries
Neck
Vertebral Arteries
In the skull, the Vertebral Arteries join
Fetal Circulation
The Placenta is where the
Umbilical Cord
The Umbilical Cord contains three
Fetal Circulation
When blood flows towards the
Arteriosum
Hepatic
Portal Vein
Liver
+ Splenic Vein
= HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN
Left Gastric Vein
Physiology of Circulation
Vital signs
A good indication of the efficiency of a
Arterial Pulse
The alternating expansion and recoil of an
Blood Pressure
Is the pressure the blood exerts
Measuring Blood
Pressure
Systolic pressure the pressure in the
Variations in Blood
Pressure
In normal adults at rest, systolic
MIN
NORMAL
MAX
1-12
months
75/50
90/60
110/75
1-5 years
80/55
95/65
110/79
6-13 years
90/60
105/70
115/80
14-19 years
105/73
117/77
120/81
20-24 years
108/75
120/79
132/83
25-29 years
109/76
121/80
133/84
30-34 years
110/77
122/81
134/85
35-39 years
111/78
123/82
135/86
40-44 years
112/79
125/83
137/87
45-49 years
115/80
127/84
139/88
50-54 years
116/81
129/85
142/89
55-59 years
118/82
131/86
144/90
60-64 years
121/83
134/87
147/91
Developmental Aspects of
the Cardiovascular System.
OBJECTIVES
Briefly describe the development of the
cardiovascular system
Name the fetal vascular modifications, or
fetal shunts, and describe their function
before birth
Describe changes in the cardiovascular
system with aging and list several factors
that help maintain cardiovascular health
1. tube
2. loop
3. Chamber formation
4.completion of septation
with deployment of
coronary circulation
"Septated"meansthat the cyst is
divided into segments.
Since fetal lungs are nonfunctional, two shunts bypass the blood so that
some of the blood entering the right atrium is shunted directly into the
left atrium through the foramen ovale, a flap-like opening in the
interatrial septum and the blood that does manage to enter the right
ventricle is pumped out the pulmonary trunk where it meets a second
shunt, the ductus arteriosus, which is a short vessel that connects the
aorta and the pulmonary trunk. At birth, the foramen ovale closes and
the ductus arteriosus collapses and is converted to fibrous ligamentum
arteriosum and as blood stops flowing through the umbilical vessels,
they become obliterated, and the circulatory patter becomes that of an
adult
FETAL SHUNTS
FORAMEN OVALE
- oval door
-connects the 2 atria and allows blood
entering the right heart to bypass the
pulmonary circuit and the non functional
fetal lung.
FUNCTION:
FETAL SHUNTS
Ductus Arteriosus
FUNCTION :
EFFECT OF CHANGES
list several
factors that help
maintain
cardiovascular
health
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