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COGENERATION PLANT
By-
Prof. S.M.Narayankar
INTRODUCTION
What is Cogeneration?
Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) system is defined as
generation of process heat and shaft work from a single fuel source to improve
energy utilization in a process industry.
Cogeneration is the simultaneous production of electrical and thermal energy
from a single fuel.
Gas turbine based cogeneration plant (GTCP) is one of the important
cogeneration plants with less pollution.
Cogeneration is a thermodynamically efficient use of fuel.
BACKGROUND
Cogeneration is a form of local or distributed generation as heat and power
production take place at or near the point of consumption. For the same output of
useful energy, cogeneration uses far less fuel than does traditional separate heat and
power production, which means lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as fossil fuel
use is reduced.
Several studies in India and other parts of the world, point to the sugar industry as a
prime candidate for supplying low cost, non-conventional power via cogeneration.
The different systems have been designed for electricity generation from all types of
wastes. The major power outages in North America and Europe have resulted in
focus on developing energy technologies like domestic scale micro CHP (combined
heat and power) to reduce the reliance of the consumers on large generators and the
grid.
GAS TURBINE
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of
internal
combustion
engine.
It
has
an
upstream
The air is delivered through a diffuser to a constant-pressure combustion chamber, where fuel
is injected and burned. The diffuser reduces the air velocity to values acceptable in the
combustor. There is a pressure drop across the combustor in the range of 1.2%. Combustion
takes place with high excess air. The exhaust gases exit the combustor at high temperature
and with oxygen concentrations of up to 15-16%.
The highest temperature of the cycle appears at this point; the higher this temperature is, the
higher the cycle efficiency is. The upper limit is placed by the temperature the materials of
the gas turbine can withstand, as well as by the efficiency of the cooling blades. With current
technology this is about 1300C.
In the closed-cycle system, the working fluid (usually helium or air) circulates in a closed
circuit. It is heated in a heat exchanger before entering the turbine, and it is cooled down
after the exit of the turbine releasing useful heat. Thus, the working fluid remains clean and
it does not cause corrosion or erosion.
The minimum flue gas flow rate can be targeted graphically by matching flue gas line drawn
from flue gas temperature at gas turbine exit with process GCC(grand composite curve) as
shown in Fig.
The
where, Qk and Tk are coordinates of one of the vertexes from process plant GCC and Cpg is specific
heat capacity at constant pressure of flue gas.
The maximum of mass flow rate of flue gas calculated for each vertex represents the minimum mass
flow rate of flue gas (mgmin). Mass balance of flue gas flow rate can be written as:
ma+mf=mg
Heat availability increases with increasing mass flow rate in flue gas at any
pressure ratio. This increased heat in flue gas, above the minimum required value,
can be utilized through regeneration. By increasing flow rate of flue gas,
compressed air can be heated maximum up to flue gas temperature at gas turbine
exit with minimum approach temperature i.e. (Tgto - T). Increasing flue gas flow
rate beyond a critical limit (mg at Rc) increases the stack losses and thereby,
deteriorates overall energy efficiency of the system.
PERFORMANCE
APPLICATION
i) Gas turbine power plants are used to supply peak loads in steam or hydro-plants.
ii) They are used as standby plants for hydro-electric power plants.
iii) Gas turbines are used in jet, aircraft and ships.
iv) Gas turbine power plant is useful in marine applications.
v) These are useful in power generation systems.
CONCLUSION
A methodology is proposed to integrate gas turbine and regenerator with process plant directly at
minimum fuel consumption. In addition to this, thermodynamic analysis of GTCP with
regeneration is presented on gas turbine pressure ratio versus power to heat ratio diagram.
The ultimate choice concerning the installation and operation of a cogeneration system is neither
a simple nor easy one.
There are many factors that affect such a decision and each of these must be considered before an
educated decision can be made.
REFERENCES
[1] Y.S.H. Najjar, Gas turbine cogeneration systems: a review of some novel cycles,
Appl. Therm. Eng. 20 (2) (2000) 179e197.
[2] T. Heppenstall, Advanced gas turbine cycles for power generation: a critical
review, Appl. Therm. Eng. 18 (9e10) (1998) 837e846.
[3] A. Poullikkas, An overview of current and future sustainable gas turbine
technologies, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 9 (5) (2005) 409e443.
[4] F.J.L. Renirie, Some asfects influencing the design of gas turbine co-generation
plants, Resour. Conserv. 7 (1981) 267e286.
[5] W.F. Kenney, Energy Conservation in the Process Industries, Academic Press,
1984.
[6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogeneration
[7] J. Manninen, X.X. Zhu, Optimal gas turbine integration to the process industries,
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 38 (11) (1999) 4317e4329.
[8]http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4237791&url=http%3A%2F
%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D4237791