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Fundamentals of LRFD
Limit States
L
I
S
T
Strength
Limit
State
Service Limit
State
Rn / FS Q
i iQi Rr = Rn
i = Load modifier (eta)
i = Load factor (gamma)
Qi = Force effect
Rr = Factored resistance
= Resistance factor (phi)
Rn = Nominal resistance
i iQi Rr = Rn
Qn
Probability of
Occurrence
f( , )
Rn
Qn
Rn
Q or R
Subsurface Materials
*
*
*
*
Soil
Rock
Water
Organics
Soil Characteristics
* Composed of individual grains of
rock
* Relatively low strength
* Coarse grained (+ #200)
* High permeability
Rock Characteristics
* Strength
* Intermediate
geomaterials,
qu = 50-1500
psi
* Hard rock,
qu > 1500 psi
* Rock mass
properties
Undrained Strength of
Cohesive Soils, su
Vane Shear Test
=0
su
Unconfined Compression
su = qu/2
qu
Typical Values
su = 250 - 4000 psf
Drained Strength of
Cohesive Soils, c and f
Triaxial
Compression
CU Test
Typical Values
c = 100 - 500 psf
f = 20o - 35o
f
25-30
27-32
10
30-35
30
35-40
50
38-43
Settlement (in)
Soil Deformation
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
1
10
100
1000
10000
Time (days)
Primary consolidation
Secondary consolidatio
Consolidation Properties
eo
1
p =
Preconsolidation
Stress
Cr
Cc
Cs
0.5
0.1
10
Log10 v
100
2.55
2.5
2.45
2.4
2.35
2.3
tp
2.25
0.1
10
100
1000
10000
Poissons Ratio,
Shear Modulus, G
Typical values, Es / [2 (1 + )]
Determination by correlation to
N160 or su, or in-situ tests
Rock Properties
Laboratory testing is for small intact
rock specimens
Rock mass is too large to be tested
in lab or field
Rock mass properties are obtained
by correlating intact rock to largescale rock mass behavior failures
in tunnels and mine slopes
Requires geologic expertise
Unconfined Compression, q
Point Load Test
Typical Values
qu = 1500 - 50000 psi
Length, L
Rock Quality
0.8 ft
Sound
0.7 ft
0.8 ft
0.6 ft
Sound
0.2 ft
Not sound
0.7 ft
Sound
CR = 95%
Core Run
Total = 4
ft
RQD = 53%
Shear stress,
C1
tm
Poissons Ratio,
Typical values range from 0.1 to 0.3
RMR10
90
EM 145,000 10
40
12
70
10
8
50
30
E = 2 RMR - 100
4
2
10
10
30
50
70
90
GEC 5
FHWA-IF-02-034
Jerry A. DiMaggio P. E.
Principal Bridge Engineer
TEL: (202) 366-1569
FAX: (202) 366-3077
The best Geotechnical web
site in town!
www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge