Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

Mr. Shamoon Al Islam

Lecturer Physics, Lyallpur Campus, University of Sargodha, Pakistan

LHC - the aim of the collider

The Large Hadron Collider is Highest energy particle collider ever made, with the aim of
allowing physicists to test the predictions of different theories ofparticle physicsandhighenergy physics.
The LHC went live on 10 September 2008, and still on work till to date.
It was built by theEuropean Organization for Nuclear Research(CERN near Geneva,
Switzerland.)
Experiment performed to recreate the conditions of BIG BANG.

TOPICS OF DISCUSSION
What is structure and operation of LHC machine?
What questions LHC did answer?
How will the LHC benefit our daily lives?

Structure And Operation Of LHC

The LHC was built in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists and
engineers from over 100 countries, as well as hundreds of
universities and laboratories.
One hundred and seventy five meters underground, beneath the
border between France and Switzerland, there's a circular machine
that might reveal to us the secrets of the universe.

 Protons were accelerated at the speed of 99.999% of light.

They are processed in 4 cyclotrons and 5 stages.
Two opposingparticle beamsof protonsat up to 7tera electron volts(7
TeVor1.12microjoules)pernucleon, with energies to be doubled to around
14TeV collision energy were smashed in LHC machine.
The collision will produce energy 10,000 times hotter than the sun in the tiny
space where the particles meet. Over 600 collisions will occur each second.

Here Are Some Questions LHC Answered

1.

Does God Particals exist?

All particles had no mass just after the Big Bang. As the universe cooled,
a particle called the Higgs boson was formed, which then gave other
particles mass.
"Without this particle, the world would not be anything like what we
know -- there would be no atoms, no molecules, no cells and of course, no
humans," Wu said.
Dubbed the "God particle," the Higgs boson has not actually been
found, though scientists have predicted a range of masses in which it
exist.

may

2.

What is Dark Matter?

The blackness we see between stars is not just empty space. In fact, the
planets and stars we can view only comprise four percent of the
universe.
The rest is an unknown substance we cant see, 25 percent of which
becomes invisible objects with gravity known as dark matter.
The LHC may allow researchers to identify the particles that create dark
matter, helping us better understand the wide range of objects in
space

3. Are There Extra Dimensions?

We're aware of the three measurable dimensions -- up and down, left and right,
forward and back. Einstein identified time as the fourth dimension. And
some
physicists theorize that there are two additional dimensions.
The energy produced in the LHC may be enough to open the door for particles
to slip beyond the normal three-dimensional world into these other dimensions.
During a collision, particles may disappear or spontaneously appear.
Even if the experiments don't prove there are more dimensions than meet the
eye, the LHC will aid physicists interested in understanding gravity

4.

What Happened After the Big Bang?

Subatomic particles such as protons and neutrons are made of even

smaller particles called quarks. These quarks are bound together by
other particles called gluons.
One LHC experiment, called ALICE, aims to create a quark-gluon plasma,
a substance that likely existed just after the Big Bang.
Scientists will test the expanding and cooling of the plasma, looking
especially at whether the particles that come from the plasma are the
particles that make up the matter in our universe today

5.

Is Our Universe Made Only of Matter?

For every piece of matter, there has to be a twin piece of antimatter that
has the opposite electrical charge. The antimatter is missing from our
universe, and scientists dont know why.
The LHC experiment will research the "beauty quark" in order to study
the
difference between matter and antimatter. LHC may provide clues
about the nature of antimatter, helping scientists guess where it might be in
our universe.
"There's a big difference in behavior with matter and antimatter, and you
need it to explain why it's in the universe at all," said Prof. Brain Cox.

HOW WILL THE LHC BENEFIT OUR DAILY LIVES?

the LHC has captured the imagination of the global public, putting physics
on the front page for the first time since the Apollo space missions of the
1960s.
"There is no reason to believe we have discovered everything. At any
point in past, we could have stopped and would have missed technology
like medical imaging, motors, electricity and using particle beams for
cancer -- it would be ridiculous that the human race should stop figuring
out how world works," said Cox.
"The quest to understand the universe time and again leads to
revolutions in way we live our lives."

WHERE WE ARE

WHERE OR UNIVERSE IS GOING TO