ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

AUCMS MD Programme
Year 1 (SY 2013-2014)
Allianze University College of Medical
Sciences (AUCMS)

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

[ 4 credits ]
November 19, 2012 January 31, 2013
Duration (10 weeks)

MD Programme, AUCMS
Year 1 (2012-2013)
Dr. Daw Wai Wai Myint - Coordinator

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

AIMS
To enable the students to
acquire the knowledge of the
structures and functions of
integumentary and
musculoskeletal system .This
module also provides common
medical diseases and changes
associated with ageing .

MODULE OBJECTIVES
KNOWLEDGE
(Integumentary and musculoskeletal)
Embryonic

development, fetal
maturation, and perinatal changes
Organ structure and function
Cell/tissue structure and function,
including barrier functions, thermal
regulation, ecrine function
Repair, regeneration, and changes
associated with stage of life or
ethnicity (eg, senile purpura, male
pattern baldness, postmenopausal hair
changes)

MODULE OBJECTIVES
SKILL(Integumentary and musculoskeletal)
Assessment of the skin and its
derivatives
Examinations

of musculoskeletal

structures
Problem-solving

Appropriate

Laboratory

and decision making

communication skills

skills. (proper use of

microscope and models)

MODULE OBJECTIVES
Attitude

Initiative and enthusiasm

Diligence

and self-management

ASSESSMENT METHODS
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
Assessment Tools

Weight (%)

1. Summative Assessment

(End of Semester Examination)

60

2. Continuous Assessment
(Formative Assessment)
Total

40
100

Assessment Tools
(Formative Assessment)

40% of Total Weight

Consist of following tools

1. End of module examinations (theoretical)
40%
2. End of module examination (practical)
%
3. Quizzes (Mini-Test )
4. PBL

10%
10%

5. Laboratory manual
6. Attendance

05%
05%

2o

TEACHING LEARNING METHODOLOGY

METHOD
CONCEPT
LECTURES
PRACTICALS
PBL
Total

NUMBER

CONTACT
HOURS

19

19

22

44

43

71

Resources Materials

REFERENCES:
STANDARD TEXT BOOK

Snell R.S., Clinical Anatomy for Medical Student, 7th

edition, Little, Brown & Co.

Essential of anatomy and physiology ,8th edition
BRS Gross Anatomy, Kyung Won Chung, Ph.D.,
Harold M. Chung, M.D.7 th edition.

OTHER REFERENCES
Abrahams, P.H., Marks, S.C. Hutchings, R.T. (2003)
McMinns Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, 5th edition.
Mosby, St. Louis.
Clemente, C., (1997) Anatomy: A Regional Atlas of the
Human Body, 4th edition, Lippincott,Williams &
Wilkins, Philadelphia.
Drake, R.L., Vogl, W., Mitchell, A.W.M. Grays Anatomy
for Students.

Resources Materials
Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia.
Junqueira, L.C., Carneiro, J. (2003) Basic Histology,

10th edition. Lange/McGraw Hill, New York.

Moore, K.L., Agur, A.M.R. (2002) Essential Clinical
Anatomy, 2nd edition, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins,
Philadelphia
Netter, F.H. (2003) Atlas of Human Anatomy, 3rd
edition. Icon Learning Systems, Teterboro, New
Jersey.
Sadler, T.W., Langmans Medical Embryology, 9th
edition, Lippincott, Williams &Wilkins, Philadelphia.

Anatomy And Physiology

(AAP )
Overview of Anatomy & Physiology
Levels of Structural Organization
Homeostasis
The Language of Anatomy

Overview of Anatomy &

Physiology
ANATOMY

The study of the structure and shape of

the body and body parts and their
relationship to one another

Derived from the Greek words:

to cut(tomy)
apart (ana)

ANATOMY
Gross Anatomy
The study of large, easily observable
structures (eg, heart, bones)

Microscopic Anatomy
A microscope or magnifying instrument is
used to see very small structures in the
body (eg, cells, tissues)

PHYSIOLOGY
The study of how the body and its parts work or

function
Derived from the Latin words:
nature (physio),
the study of (ology)

Subdivisions of Physiology
Subdivisions of Physiology (Examples)
Neurophysiology: explains the workings of
the nervous system
Cardiac physiology: studies the function of
the heart
.GI physiology : Study the functions of

gastrointestional system
.

Levels of
StructuralOrganization
Atoms: building blocks of matter
Molecules: groups of atoms (eg, water, sugar,

proteins)
Organelles: basic components of microscopic cells
Cells: smallest units of all living things

Levels of the Hierarchy

Tissues: groups of similar cells that have a common

function
Organ: a structure composed of two or more tissue

types that perform a specific function for the body

Organ System: a group of organs that cooperate and

work closely together to accomplish a common

purpose
Organism: the highest level of structural organization

Homeostasis
The bodys ability to maintain relatively

stable internal conditions even though the

outside world is continuously changing.
It indicates a dynamic state of

equilibrium,or a balance, in which internal

conditions change and vary, but always
within relatively narrow limits.

 .The

body is in homeostasis when its needs

are being adequately met and it is
functioning smoothly.

Every organ system plays a role in

maintaining the constancy of the internal

environment.

Homeostatic Control
Mechanism
Three components
1. Receptor
2. Control center
3. Effector

Homeostatic Control
Mechanism
RECEPTOR
It is some type of sensor that monitors and

responds to changes in the environment.

It responds to changes, called stimuli, by

sending information (input) to the control

center.
Information flows from the receptor to the

control center along the afferent pathway

Homeostatic Control
Mechanism
CONTROL CENTER
Determines the level (set point) at which a

variable is to be maintained
Analyzes the information it receives and

then determines the appropriate response

or course of action

EFFECTOR
Provides means for the control centers

response (output) to the stimulus

Information flows from the control center

to the effector along the efferent pathway

The results of the response then feed back

to influence the stimulus

Feedback Mechanisms
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
The net effect of the response to the

stimulus is to shut off the original stimulus or

reduce its intensity (eg, blood glucose
regulation)
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
Tends to increase the original stimulus and

to push the variable farther from its original

value (eg, blood clotting)

The Language of Anatomy

Anatomical Position
The body is erect with the

feet parallel and

the arms hanging at the
sides with the palms facing
forward

Directional Terms
Superior (cranial or cephalad)
Toward the head end or upper part of a

structure of the body.

Inferior (caudal)
Away from the head end or toward the

lower part of a structure or the body.

Anterior (ventral)
Toward or at the front of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
Toward or at the backside of the body

 Medial
Toward or at the midline of the body
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
Proximal: Close to the origin of the body part or the

point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal: Farther away from the origin of a body part or

the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superficial
Toward or at the body surface
Deep
Away from the body surface; more internal

Regional Terms
Axial
makes up the main axis of the body.
consists of the head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular
consists of the appendages or limbs

Body Planes & Sections

Sagittal section

A cut made along the lengthwise or

longitudinal
plane
of the body
Divides the body into right and left parts
Midsagittal/Median section

The cut is made down the median plane of

the body and the right and left parts are

 Frontal section

A cut made along a lengthwise plane that

divides the body (or an organ) into anterior
and
posterior parts
Also called a coronal section
Transverse section

A cut is made along a horizontal plane,

dividing
the body or organ into superior and inferior
parts
Also called a cross-section

Body Cavities
DORSAL BODY CAVITY
Has two subdivisions which are continuous

with each other

1. Cranial cavity: the space inside the skull
2. Spinal cavity: extends from the cranial
cavity
nearly to the end of the vertebral column

VENTRAL BODY CAVITIES

Much larger than the dorsal cavity
Contains all the structures in the chest

and
abdomen
Two major subdivisions:
1. Thoracic cavity: houses the lungs, heart

and
mediastinal structures
2. Abdominopelvic cavity: stomach, liver,

intestines,

Abdominopelvic Quadrants
and Regions

THANK
YOU