ADIABATIC FLOW IN A

DUCT WITH FRICTION

(FANNO FLOW)

FLOW IN A CONSTANT AREA

DUCT
Compressible adiabatic flow in a constant
area duct with frictional effects, is known as,
Fannoflow.
Consider a momentum balance for small
portion of the duct.
p, v
v +dv, p +dp
net pressure force force due to wall shear
stress
= mass flow rate x (velocity out- velocity in)

FLOW IN A CONSTANT
AREA DUCT
PA- (P+dP)A w (perimeter)dx=vA(v+dv v)
Where w (is the wall shear stress. Therefore
-dP - w (P/A)dx=vdv
(1)
Where P is the perimeter of the duct and A is the
cross-sectional area. In case of circular duct
P=D and A=D2/4, so P/A=4/D. For this reason
even for non-circular ducts, the ratio P/A is
usually expressed in terms of an equivalent
diameter called Hydraulic Diameter D H defined
by
DH =4 (area)/Perimeter = 4A/P (2)

FLOW IN A CONSTANT
AREA DUCT
Dividing (1) by v2 then gives
-dP/ v2 (w / v2 )(P/A)dx= dv/v
Next consider continuity of mass
Av= constant
Since A is constant , therefore
v=constant
For portion of duct v= ( +d)
(v+dv)

(3)

FLOW IN A CONSTANT
AREA DUCT
Neglecting higher order smaller terms
dv +vd=0
(4)
Dividing this by v then gives
dv/v + d/ =0 (5)
Next consider the energy equation
Cp T + v2/2 = constant = Cp (T +dT) +(v +dv )2/2
Or Cp dT +vdv=0 (6) also
P/=RT i.e P=RT and (P + dP/+d)= R(T + dT)
P+dP = (+d)R(T + dT)

FLOW IN A CONSTANT
AREA DUCT
Hence to first order of accuracy
dP=RTd + RdT
(7)
Further , since M2=v2/a2=v2/RT and
(M+dM)2= (v+dv)2/ (a+da)2= (v+dv)2/R(T +dT)
i.e M2(1+dM/M)2= v2/(1+dv/v)2/RT(1+dT/T)
To the first order of accuracy
M2(1+2dM/M)=v2/RT(1+2dv/v)(1-dT/T)
M2(1+2dM/M)= v2/RT(1+2dv/v-dT/T)
It follows that
dM/M=dv/v-dT/T
(8)

FLOW IN A CONSTANT
AREA DUCT
Eq (6) gives
dT/T+vdv/cp T=0 (9)
Since M2=v2/a2=v2/RT and
(M+dM)2 =(v+dv)2/R(T +dT)
It follow that
2MdM= 2vdv/RT- v2/RT2dT
Which can be rearranged to give
Vdv=RTMdM +(v2/2)dT/T

FLOW IN A CONSTANT
AREA DUCT
eq(9) becomes
dT/T +( R/cp )MdM + (v2/2cp T )dT/T =0 (10)
Since R=cp -cv , cp =R/-1 eq(10) becomes
dT/T + (-1)MdM + (-1 /2)M2 dT/T=0
i.e dT/T=- [(-1) M2/(1+ (-1) M2/2)]dM/M (11)
Eq(7) gives, on dividing through by P=RT
dP/P=d/ +dT/T
(12)
Eliminating d/ between (12) and 5 then gives
dP/P= -dv/v + dT/T
(13)

FLOW IN A CONSTANT
AREA DUCT
hence (8) gives
dv/v= dM/M + dT/2T
(14)
Eq(13) gives
dP/P=-dM/M + dT/2T (15)
Using (11) then gives
dP/P=-{1+ [(-1) M2/2]/[1+ (-1) M2/2]}dM/M
(16)
From eq(3) gives using a2=P/
dv/v + [1/M2]dP/P +( w /v2)(P/A)dx= 0
(17)

FLOW IN A CONSTANT
AREA DUCT
substituting for dv/v from (8) allows this eq then
gives
[dM/M]-{[(-1) M2/2]/ [1+ (-1) M2/2]}dM/M {[1+(-1) M2]/ [1+
(-1) M2/2]}dM/M +(w /v2) (P/A)dx =0
(18)

This is rearranged as
dM/M= M2{[1+ (-1) M2/2]/1-M2}{(w /v2) (P/A)dx }

(19)

Substituting this eq back into (11) then gives

dT/T = -[ (-1) M4/1-M2 ][w /v2) (P/A)dx (20)
Substituting 19 into 16 gives
dP/p=- {M2 [1+ (-1) M2]/(1- M2)}{w /v2) (P/A)dx
(21

FLOW IN A CONSTANT
AREA DUCT
Conclusion: Since the wall shear stress, the
velocity and the Mach no are always
positive eq(19) indicates that the sign of
dM depends as the sign of (1- M2 ). This eq.
therefore shows that if the Mach no is less
than 1, friction causes the Mach.no to
increase, where as if the Mach no is
greater than 1, friction causes the Mach no
to decrease. Viscosity, therefore, always
causes the Mach no to tend toward 1.

FLOW IN A CONSTANT
AREA DUCT
Since once a Mach no of 1 is attained,
changes in the downstream
conditions can not affect the
upstream flow, it follows that
chocking can occur as a result of
friction. Eq(20) and (21) show that if
M is less than 1, dT and dP are
negative, whereas if M is greater
than 1, dT, and dP are positive.

ENTROPY CHANGE IN FLOW OF

CONSTANT AREA DUCT WITH FRICTION

Now consider the entropy change

caused by friction
ds=cpdT/T RdP/P
Since ds/cp=dT/T-(-1/)dP/P
It follows , using eq(20) and eq(21)
that
ds/cp= (-1) M2 [w /v2) (P/A)dx
(22)

FRICTIONAL EFFECTS ON FLOW IN

CONSTANT AREA DUCT
Now the wall shear stress w is expressed in
terms of friction coefficient as
f= w /1/2 v2 (23)
Another friction factor fD termed the Darcy
friction factor is commonly used in the
analysis of incompressible fluid flows in ducts.
The two friction factors are related by
f= fD /4
In general f=function (Re, /DH )

FRICTIONAL EFFECTS ON FLOW

IN CONSTANT AREA DUCT
In terms of f eq(19) can be written as
4fdx/ DH )=[2(1- M2 )/ M2 (1+ (-1/2) M2 ]dM/M
Integration of eq(24) then gives
4fl/ DH = M1M2 2(1- M2 )/ M2 (1+ (-1/2) M2 ]dM/M (25)

Where f is the mean friction factor over

length l of duct.
By using method of partial fraction above
equation can be written as
4fl/DH )=1/(1/M1-1/M2 )+(+1/2)ln[M21(1+(-1) M22/2]/M22[1+(-1) M21/2]
(26)

24

FRICTIONAL EFFECTS ON FLOW

IN CONSTANT AREA DUCT
Since, when friction is important, the
Mach No always tends to 1, M2 is
conventionally set equal to 1.0,
which is usually given the symbol l*
or lmax . Then above eq(26) can be
written as
4f l*/DH)=[(1-M2 )/M2]+(+1/2)( ln[(+1)M2]/2(1+
(-1)M2/2](27)

Similarly other parameters can be

determined by integrating

FRICTIONAL EFFECTS ON FLOW

IN CONSTANT AREA DUCT
P/P*=1/n{[(+1/2)]/[1+(-1) M2/2]}
(28)
T/T*= [(+1/2)]/[1+(-1) M2/2]
(29)
P0/P*0=1/M{[1+(-1) M2/2]/
+1/2}+1)/2(-1)
Tables given in App D can be used to
determine the values of various
parameters

THE FANNO LINE

The FANNO line shows the flow
process on a T-S or h-S diagram. It is
being noted that, since the flow of a
perfect gas is being considered, h=
cPT.
Since Tds=dh-vdP
Tds= cPdT RT/PdP
ds= cPdT /T- R/P dP
ds/cP=dT/T R/cPdP/P

THE FANNO LINE

ds/cP=dT/T- [(-1)/ ]dP/P
Also we know that
dP/P=dT/T-dv/v and dT/T= -vdv/cPT
It follows that
ds/cP= dT/T- [(-1)/ )dT/T(1+ cPT/v2)]
(*)
For adiabatic flow v2=2 cP(T0 T)
Combing this with (*) allows the variation of
s with T for given value of T0 to be found,
since the above two eqs together give

THE FANNO LINE

ds/cP= dT/T- [(-1)/ )dT/T(1+ cPT/ 2 (T0 T)]
ds/cP= 1/dT/T (-1)/2)dT/ (T0 T)]
This equation can be integrated to give the
variation of s with T. To do this, some arbitrary
temperature T1 at which the entropy is taken
to have an arbitrary datum value of s ( usually
taken as 0) is introduced. Integration of the
above equation then gives for given T 0
s-s1/cP=1/ T1TdT/T [(-1)/2)][T1TdT/ (T0 T)]

THE FANNO LINE

Carrying out integration then gives
s-s1/cP= ln{(T/T1)1/ [(T0 T)/ (T0 T1)]-1/2 }
T

M<1

* chocked

M=1
M>1
Variation of s with T for given T0

FRICTIONAL FLOW IN A DUCT PRECEDED

BY AN ISENTROPIC NOZZLE

The flow conditions are considered

which are depicted in the following
figure. When Pb is equal to pressure
in the supply
reservoir
No flow
supply
discharge

will occur.
As the back pressure decreased the
mass flow rate through the duct and
the Mach no at the exit increase, the

FRICTIONAL FLOW IN A DUCT PRECEDED

BY AN ISENTROPIC NOZZLE

equal to the back pressure. This

continues until Me reaches a value of
1. Further decrease in the back
pressure have no effect on the flow
in duct.
system chocked

M reaches 1

pe=pb
supply pressure

Pb

FRICTIONAL FLOW IN A DUCT PRECEDED

BY AN ISENTROPIC NOZZLE

# Now consider the case where the

constant duct is preceded by a
convergent-divergent nozzle. Again
when the back pressure Pb is equal to
reservoir supply pressure, no flow. As
the back pressure is then initially
decreased, the Mach no increases at
nozzle throat but decreases again in
the divergent portion the flow
remaining subsonic throughout the

FRICTIONAL FLOW IN A DUCT PRECEDED BY AN

ISENTROPIC NOZZLE

The Mach No increases in the constant

area duct as a result of friction. As
the back pressure further decreased ,
one possibility is that the Mach No
will reach a value of 1 at the duct
exit i.e that the flow is chocked at the
end of the duct, the flow will remain
subsonic is the nozzle no matter how
the back pressure gets. A more likely
situation is however, that the system

FRICTIONAL FLOW IN A DUCT PRECEDED

BY AN ISENTROPIC NOZZLE
is decreased the Mach No at the duct exit
reaches a value of 1 i.e the nozzle will chock
before chocking occurs in the duct. Once the
Mach No has reached 1 at the nozzle throat, a
region of supersonic flow develops
downstream of the throat with further
decrease in back pressure. The region of
supersonic flow is terminated by a normal
shock.As the back pressure is further
decreased the shock wave moves towards the
duct exit, eventually reaching the exit.

THE EFFECTS OF FRICTION ON

VARIABLE AREA FLOW
Continuity is
d/ + dA/A + dv/v = 0
Momentum

(1)

PA +(P + dP/2)dA (P +dP)(A + dA)wAscos=Avdv (2)

,P,A
+d,P+dP,A+dA
v
+dv

THE EFFECTS OF FRICTION ON

VARIABLE AREA FLOW
eq (2) can be simplified as
dP + (v2/2 )(4fdx/DH) + vdv=0 (3)
Which in turn can be written as
dP/P + (M2/2) 4fdx/DH) + M2dv=0 (4)
Using perfect gas law and combining with the
continuity
dP/P= d/ + dT/T = -dA/A-dv/v+dT/T
(5)
Substituting this into momentum eq then gives
-dA/A dv/v +dT/T +(M2/2) 4fdx/DH) + M2dv/v=0
(6 )

THE EFFECTS OF FRICTION ON

VARIABLE AREA FLOW
But the definition of the Mach No
gives
dv/v = dT/T + dM/M (7)
Substituting into 6 gives
-dA/A-dM/M+ dT/T +(M2/2) 4fdx/DH)
+ M2dT/T + M2dM/M =0
(8)
-dA/A +( M2-1)dM/M+ (M2+1)/2 dT/T + +(M2/2) 4fdx/DH =0
(9)

we also know that

dT/T=-{(-1) M2/[1+ (-1) M2/2]}dM/M

THE EFFECTS OF FRICTION ON

VARIABLE AREA FLOW
Now eq(9) can be written as
-dA/A - [M2-1/ 1+ (-1) M2/2]dM/M + M2/2
4fdx/DH)=0
Which can be rearranged to give
dM/M =-[1+ (-1) M2/2/1-M2]dA/A +[1+(-1) M2/2/1M2] M2/2 4fdx/DH)
(11)
Eq(11) shows that Mach No changes with both area
change and to viscosity effects. It should be
noted that it is possible for Mach No to remain
constant even when the area is changing
provided the viscosity effects just balance the
area change effects. In such case
dA/dx=2fM2A/ D
(12)