4

3
8a
b c 3 8d e

a)

d)

f g b)

e)

3-8

c)

f)

g)

 =90 0
a b
c
a)

c)

b)

B
E

hf

h f

45

h e 45 0

h e

h e =0.7h f

hf

3 8a

a)

c)

b)

h f
a b

1.5h f

 60 0 120 0

d)

a
)

b
)

c)

3 9

d
)

a
)

c)

b
)

3 9

d
)

3
3 10a b

a
)

c d

T
e f c)
a
b
e)

3 10

b
)

d
)
f)
K

b
)

c)

d
)

T e

K f

e)

f)
K

b
T a
)

c)
d

e)
f)

3 10

3.3
3 11

a
b
c
a)

c)

b)
N

3 11


h e

aa
h e 3 13 adda
d

he hf
hf

b
b

d h

hf

c
hf

1
1

3
12

 2
a

B1

N/2

N/2

B2

N/2

N/2

N
A

B2

N/2

V
N

T V F
N

V

2
cddc

hf

cc

lw
lw
b

b cddc
b

c
c

hf

d
a

b
he
c

a
3
13

d
hf

x
z

x
d

=0 =0

lw

3
14a

a)

N 3 14a

h l

e w

hel
w

b
)

lw 10mm

 a b 3 1 ,

ff

h l

3
2)

e w

Nff helw

(3 2a)

N
a
d

N
a
c
y
3

14b

=0

h l

e w

a)

b)

 =0

a)

h l

b)

e w

= sin45 = / 2 = / 2

c
)
a b c 3 1 ,
2 3 2 112 3 f fw

31

h l

1.22 f f

e w

N1.22ff helw

3
3)
(3

h l

1.22 f f

e w

N1.22ff helw
3a)

3
3)
(3

Nff helw
(3 2a)

3 3 3 3a

1.22 3 3b
w

Nff helw

(3 3b)


3 2 3 5
lw N

a)
N

a
d

c
f

3
N 14e

3 2a)
w

lw= 2(ab+de-

Nff helw 3 6
10mm)

2(bc+ef-10mm)

b)
N

N
3
14f

3 3a) 3 3b
w

N1.22ff helw
w

37

Nff helw

3 7a

lw=2(ab-10mm) 2(cd-10mm)

c)
N

b
e

b
f

N
3
14g
N=N+N

N ab cd
N ae bf ec fd

 3 3a 3
3b

N= f1 ffwhelw1

f1=1.22

f1 =

1.0

lw1
ab cd

3
2a
N= f2 ffwhelw2
lw2 ae bf ec fd

N = N + N
w

f2 1.0 N = ff he f1 lw1 + f2 lw2 3

8

d)
N

N1
N2

e1
e2

3
14h

N1 N2 N
N N 1 N 2
e1
e2
N 2 N k2 N
N1 N k1 N
b
b
k 1
k 2
k 1 k 2 p.239 3 1

3
9

 3 2 N 1 N 2

h l

e w

ff

3
2)

 lw1 lw2
w

Nff helw

(a) k2

k2Nff helw2
w

k1Nff hek1lw
w

k2Nff he k2 lw

(b) (a)
lw1 =k1lw
9a

k1Nff helw1

(a) k1

a
(a)
3

e)
N1

N
N3

3
14i

b/2
b/2

e1
e2

N2

N1 N2 N3 N
h f 3 3
N 3

N 3 1.22 f fw 0.7h f b 2

3
10

 lw1 lw2
w

N3 f ff he b

a)

N 1ff helw1

b
w

N 2ff helw2

N=N1+N2+N3
w

N ff he lw1 + lw2+ f b

lw= lw1 + lw2+ f b

3 10a

N =k N-N /2

 3 5 3 5a

3 1
2

2 f w

( )

f
1.22

3
5

3 5
1.22
3 5a
2
w
2
(

)

ff
3

5a
3 5 3 5a

V
N

V F

 4
M V N 3 16
a)

b)
1

V
o M

B
B

Nf Mf

N
f ll

A
A

f Nf Mf

3 16

M V N

 V

a)

V
o M

c)

X
lw

0.7h f

0.7h f

V
V
= A 2 0.7h l
e
f w

3
10
N

N
f

N
N

Ae 2 0.7h f lw

3
11

 M
M
M
6M

We 2 0.7h f lw 2

3
12
W e x 3 16c

M
f

a)

b)
1

V
o M

B
B

Nf Mf

c)

X
lw

f ll

0.7h f

f Nf Mf

0.7h f

0.7h f lw2 2
6

V
o M

N M
3 5 3 5a

w
2

( ) f f
1.22

3 13

( )
2

ff

3
13a
0

3
3 1 3 1
400mm 18mm , N=1425kN
A3F E43
hf=8mm
340mm 12mm
a)

b)340mm 12mm
N

3 19

N N 1 N 2
N 1
N 2
N

b
340

N2
c
210

a N1/2
d N1/2

d cd=210-5
a, ab=210-5
bc=340

ff 3 1
E43 Q235

ff =160

N1ffwhelw1

3 2a

N21.22ffwhelw2

3 3a

N1 N2 N
N= N1 + N2
N ffwhe lw1 + 1.22lw2
N ffwhe lwab + lwcd +1.22lwbc

N

0.7 8 ( 205 205 1.22 340) 2
1425 10
154.3
0.7 8 ( 205 205 1.22 340) 2
3

ffw

154.3 ffw = 160

N N 1 N 2 N 3
N 1
N 2

= arctg(120/280)25
N 3
N

120
100
120

N1

N2
N3
N2
280 55

N1

55-5=50mm


ff

w
w

ff =160N/mm2

N 1ff helw1
w

N 21.22ff helw2
w

N 3 f ff helw3

( 3 2a)
( 3 3a)
( 3 4a)

N 1 N 2 N 3 N
N=N 1+N 2+N 3
he=0.7hf
w

f =1.03

he

w1

1.22

w2

= 25

lw1 =4(55-5)=450mm
lw2 =2100mm
lw3 =4305mm

1425 103
150
0.7 8 ( 4 50 1.22 2 100 1.03 4 305)

ffw

150 ffw = 160

w3

 3 2 3 20

N=575(1000)kN
Q235 E43
2 16010010 2 12510
N=575 kN

3 20 3 2

3 22

lw1 lw2
lw k1 k2
k1N

k2N

lw1

lw2

ff

ff =160N/mm2

lw
1) hf
10mm
hf =6mm he=0.7hf

2)
(3N 2a)
575 103
lw

428mm
w
2
2 0.7 6 160
2h f
e

 lw1 lw2
1 k1 k2
3 2
p.38
k1=0.65
k2=0.35
2
l w1 = 0.65428=278mm
l w2 = 0.35428=150mm
3
lw1 =278+10=288mm
lw2 =150+10=160mm

10mm

 2
3 23

b
lw1 lw2 lw
3 10c
l
3
10d

w1
N
1
N3
N2

b
lw2

ff

ff =160N/mm2

lw
1) hf
10mm
hf =6mm he=0.7hf

2)
(3 2a) 3 3b
3
N
575

10

2
lw

428mm
w

2he f f

2 0.7 6 160

 lw1 lw2
1 k1 k2

k1=0.65

k2=0.35

2 3 10c 3
10d
l w1 = 0.65423 160/2=298mm
l w2 = 0.35423 160/2=70mm
3
lw1 =298+5=203mm 205mm
5mm

lw2 =70+5=75mm

 3 4
A3F

E43 N=400kN
e=25cm
a)

b)

c)
f

3 22 3 4 (
)

3 3 3
11b
= M

ff

w
w

ff =160N/mm2

V=N=400103N
M=Ne=40025104=10000104 N-mm
hf
10mm

hf =8mm

A f = 0.783602=4032mm2
I x= 0.78200(205.6-5.6/2) 22
+ 0.78(95-5.6)(180-5.6/2) 24
+ 0.78360 32/12
= 1989710 4mm4

My 10000 104 180

2

90
N
/
mm
y=180mm
19897

Ix
104

V
400 103

99 N / mm 2
Af
4032

1.22

90
w
2
2
2

99

124
N
/
mm

160
N
/
mm

f
1
.
22

1
(hf min)

hf min

1.5t2

3
19

t 2 mm

hf min 1.5t
2 -1

3
19a

hf min 1.5t
3
2 +1
19b
t4mm
hf min= t

3 19c

(hf max)

hf max 1.2t1

3 20

t 1 mm

t6mm hf maxt
t 6mm

hf maxt - (1 2)mm

hf min hf max

hf min hf hf max

(3 21)

a) 3 3
10mm

hf min 1.5t2 =10 =4.47 5mm

hf max 1.2t1=1.210=12mm
hf =8mm 5 12
b 3 2
14mm 10mm
t1=10mm, t2=14mm
1.5t2 =14 =5.6
hf min
6mm
hf max 1.2t1=1.210=12mm
t=10mm 6mm
hf maxt - (1 2)mm=10-2=8mm
6mm

 2
lwmin

lwmin8hf 40mm
(8hf+10 40+10)mm

 lwmax

lwmax40hf
lwmax60hf

 lw
lwminlw lwmax

22

2hf 2hf

a)

b)

2h
2hf
3 25
f

3.4

N
lw
1 N
1
1
t
1

N

f t w f cw 3
l wt

N
N

23
N
b
l w

b
b- 10mm 3

26

t T

ftw

3
fcw

I II III I
II x
III

b
III
1.18b

b/0.85=1.18b

1.18b

3 28

 2

N sin

f t w f cw
l w t

N
N

N lw

N
Ncos

N cos

f vw
l w t

Nsin

l w
f vw

tg 1.5

1.2b

3
24

0.67b

b
1.5
0.67b

2
1
M
M
lw

max
max

M 6M

2 ft w
Wx
lwt

lw

3
30

VS max
3V

f vw
I x tw
2l w t

W
x

I
x

S max

3
25

tl
Wx w
6

Smax
Ix

tl
w
8

tl
w
12

 2
M

M
V

.1

1

3 25 max max

 12 3 12 1.1 f t w

3
26
1 1 1
1.1
10%
3 9 3 4
A3F E43

10

200

20
360

20

3 31 3
9

1
I x 1 363 2 2 20 19 2 32768cm 4
12
32768
Wx
1638.4cm 3
20

S1 2 20 19 760cm 3
Smax 760 1 18 9 922cm 3
V=N=400kN,
M=Ne =40025=10000kN-cm

(2)

w

ft =185,

fv =125

( p.303,

1-3 )
4
10000

10
w
2
2

max

61
N
/
mm

185
N
/
mm
t
3
1638.4 10

400 922 106

w
2
2
max

113
N
/
mm

125
N
/
mm
V
32768 104 10

1
36
2
1 61 55N / mm
40
400 760 106
2
1

93
N
/
mm
32768 104 10
1

55 3 93 170 N / mm 1.1 185 203N / mm

2


1
1
3 32a
2

3 32b
a)

b)

3 32

3
1
6
3 4a
N

Nff f helw

(3 4a)

V 60 he=s
60 he=0.75s
U J he=s

2 50
T

3 32 33 a