State-of-the-art in material removal

processes
Dr. ir. Andr M. Hoogstrate
Email: a.m.hoogstrate@tudelft.nl
Tel: 015-278 6804
Room: 8B-02-28A

Lecture 1: Fundamentals of material removal

April 7, 2016
1

Intended course schedule 2006 - I

Topic

date

room

lecture
1

Introduction to material removal

processes
Overview of classical mat. removal
processes

th. feb. 8

lecture
2

Chip formation
Forces during cutting

th. feb.
15

lecture
3

NO LECTURE

th. feb.
22

lecture
4

Energy distribution
Wear

lecture
5

Cutting materials

lecture
6

Machine tool construction

PMAlecture
Precision Manufacturing and Assembly
Milling and micro-milling

th. mar. 1 C
th mar. 8

th. mar.
15

th. mar.

Intended course schedule 2006 - II

Topic
lecture 8 Abrasive processes

date

roo
m

th. apr. 12

lecture 9

Advanced grinding: J.J. Saurwalt

ECN

?th. apr. 20?

lecture
10

Dressing: J.A.W.M. Derkx

th. apr. 26

VACATION

th. may. 4

ECM/EDM: H. Altena; Philips, DAP

?th. may 10?

UNIVERSITY CLOSED

th. may 17

Non-conventional Processes

th. may 25

Surface Properties; Future

Outlook
PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

th. may. 31

lecture
11
lecture
13
lecture
14

Overview over the course

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Introduction to material removal processes

Overview of classical mat. removal processes
Chip formation
Forces during cutting
Energy distribution
Wear
Cutting materials
Processes with geometrical non-defined cutting edges
(abrasive processes)
9. Surface properties
10. Non-conventional processes

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Overview of todays topics

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Introduction
Workpiece quality
Classification of processes
Movements, tool geometry and process input quantities
Description of drilling and milling and broaching

Goals for today:

1. Showing the systematic in material removal processes
2. Providing (English) terminology
3. Refreshing the basics of classical material removal
processes

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Manufacturing technology as key

component
m o b ilit y

source: Airbus, Rolls Royce, Porsche, ASML, Vodafone

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

c o m m u n ic a tio n

No chips without chips!

What is a micron (m)?

cross-section of a
paper-clip
0,8 mm

pigs bristel
0,1 mm
pin
0,6 mm

c ig a r e t te p a p e r
0 ,0 3 m m

1 m
0 ,0 0 1 m m
s p in n in g fib r e
0 ,0 0 6 m m
source: E. Brinksmeier, University of Bremen

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

new spaper
0 ,0 8 m m
h u m a n h a ir
0 ,0 5 m m

Question

What is the thermal expansion of a steel piece with a length of

10 mm, when heated from 20 C (room-temp) to 30C?
a) 0.012 m

b) 0.12 m

c) 1.2 m

d) 12 m

L L0 T
m
L 10 10 [m] 12 10 [
] 10[K ]
m K
3

L 1.2 106[m] 1.2[m]

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

to ta l m a c h in in g a c c u r a c y
100

0 .0 0 1

0 .0 0 0 3

1900
c o n v e n tio n a l
m a c h in in g

0 .1
p r e c is io n
m a c h in in g

0 .0 1

1920 1940

c h e m ic a l m illin g
w a t e r je t c u t t in g
in je c tio n m o u ld in g
m ic r o d r illin g
s ta m p in g
EC M
c o n v . tu r n in g
( m ic r o ) la s e r d r illin g
c o n v . g r in d in g
U P m illin g
( m ic r o ) E D M
h a r d tu r n in g
p r e c is io n g r in d in g
m ic r o g r in d in g
U P d ia m o n d tu r n in g
flu id je t p o lis h in g
io n b e a m m a c h in in g

Update of Taniguchi
- accuracy

U P - m a c h in in g

a to m ic la tt ic e d is ta n c e

1960 1980 2000

year

s o u r c e : N . T a n ig u c h i, 1 9 8 3

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

s ta te - o f- th e - a r t 2 0 0 3

c o n v e n tio n a l
m a c h in in g

s u rfa c e ro u g h n e s s

m
1

p r e c is io n
m a c h in in g

0 .1

p o lis h in g
U P d ia m o n d t u r n in g
p r e c is io n g r in d in g
flu id je t p o lis h in g

100

EC M
( m ic r o ) E D M
c o n v . tu r n in g
e le c tr o p o lis h in g
c o n v . g r in d in g
h a r d tu r n in g

Update of Taniguchi
- roughness

0 .0 1
0 .0 0 1

0 .0 0 0 3
1900

U P - m a c h in in g
a t o m ic la t tic e d is ta n c e
1920 1940

1960 1980 2000

year

s o u r c e : N . T a n ig u c h i, 1 9 8 3

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

s ta te - o f- th e - a rt 2 0 0 3

Manufacturing processes
p r im a r y s h a p in g

(m e ta l) fo r m in g

c u ttin g

d is tin c tio n r e g a r d in g
lo a d in itia tio n
( c o m p r e s s io n , te n s io n ,
b e n d in g , s h e a r in g , ...)
d is tin c tio n r e g a r d in g
a p p lic a tio n fie ld
( s h e e t m e ta l fo r m in g ,
m a s s iv e fo r m in g = fo r g in g )

s e p a r a tin g
c u ttin g w ith g e o m e tr ic a lly
w e ll- d e fin e d to o l e d g e s
c u ttin g w ith g e o m e tr ic a lly
n o n - d e fin e d to o l e d g e s
e r o s io n ( th e r m a l, c h e m ic a l,
e le c tr o c h e m ic a l)
s h e a r in g a n d b la n k in g
c le a n in g
e v a c u a tin g

c a s tin g
e x tr u s io n
in je c tio n m o u ld in g
p o w d e r m e ta llu r g y
e le c tr o - fo r m in g

jo in in g

w e ld in g
b r a z in g
g lu e in g
p r e s s in g
jo in in g b y fo r g in g
jo in in g b y c a s tin g

c o a tin g

PVD
C VD
p la s m a s p r a y in g
g a lv a n ic

s o u rc e : D IN 8 5 8 0

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

c h a n g e o f m a te r ia l
p r o p e r tie s
lo c a l c h a n g e o f p a r tic le s
e lim in a tio n o f p a r tic le s
in s e r tin g o f p a r tic le s

Classification of cutting processes

cutting
erosion

cutting

separating

shearing

cutting with geometrical

well-defined tool edge
single edge
tool
workpiece

cleaning

cutting with geometrical

non-defined tool edge

multi edge
tool

bonded
abrasives

loose abrasives

tool

tool

nozzle
workpiece

tool

workpiece

workpiece

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Material removal system

p ro c e s s
o u tp u t
q u a n titie s

in p u t
q u a n titie s

d e te r m in e d
by

p r o c e s s q u a n titie s
d e s c r ib e

d e s c r ib e

m a te r ia l

m e c h a n ic a l

w o r k p ie c e

to o ls

th e rm a l

to o l

m a c h in e s e ttin g

c h e m ic a l

c h ip s

c h a r a c te r is tic s
o f th e m a c h in e

in t e r a c t io n s d u r in g
m a te r ia l r e m o v a l

m a c h in e

s u p p o r tin g m e d ia
a fte r m a te r ia l
re m o v a l

s u p p o r tin g m e d ia

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Cutting processes
cutting with geometrically well-defined cutting edge
turning

drilling
counterboring
reaming

workpiece

milling

tool

tool
tool

other processes:
planing, slotting
broaching
sawing
filing
shaving
rasping

workpiece
workpiece

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

accord. to DIN 8589

Turning variants
tu r n in g
fa c e tu r n in g

c u t o ff tu r n in g

w o r k p ie c e

O D tu r n in g

w o r k p ie c e

w o r k p ie c e

r o ta tio n a l
d ir e c tio n
to o l

to o l

t h r e a d tu r n in g
w o r k p ie c e

to o l

p r o f ile t u r n in g
w o r k p ie c e ( s t o r e d in
to o l g e o m e try )

fo r m tu r n in g
%. 2 3 4 5
.
N 1 0 x .. z F
..

to o l

fe e d
d ir e c tio n

w o r k p ie c e
to o l

a c c o r d in g t o D IN 8 5 8 9 T 1

to o l

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Drilling operations
d r illin g
tw is t
c o u n te rb o re

tw is t
d r ill

( e n la r g in g )

s o lid d r illin g

c e n te r
d r ill

c o u n te r b o r in g

ta p

tr e p a n n in g
c u tte r

tr e p a n n in g

p r o file
s in k e r

ta p p in g

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

c e n te r d r illin g

m a c h in e
re a m e r

r e a m in g

Milling variants
s la b m illin g
p e r ip h e r a l m illin g

f a c e m illin g

to o l

to o l

to o l

w o r k p ie c e

m illin g

h e lic a l m illin g

w o r k p ie c e

w o r k p ie c e

h o b b in g

w o r k p ie c e

fo r m m illin g

p r o file m illin g
to o l

w o r k p ie c e

fe e d d ir e c tio n
w o r k p ie c e /to o l
r o ta tio n
w o r k p ie c e / to o l

to o l

w o r k p ie c e

to o l

s o u rc e :
a c c o r d in g to
D IN 8 5 8 9

s id e m illin g

w o r k p ie c e

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

to o l

1234
.
.
.
N 5 X ...Z ...F ...
.
.
.

Principle of broaching

workpiece
t

tool

vc
h
t
T

:
:
:
:

c u ttin g s p e e d
c h ip th ic k n e s s
to o l p itc h
to ta l b r o a c h in g d e p th

vc

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

L : b r o a c h in g le n g th
: r a k e a n g le
: fla n k a n g le

Overview of abrasive processes

m a te r ia l r e m o v a l w ith n o n - d e fin e d c u ttin g e d g e s

w ith b o n d e d a b r a s iv e s

w ith lo o s e a b r a s iv e s

g r in d in g w ith
r o ta tin g to o l

la p p in g

b e lt g r in d in g

a b r a s iv e je t c u ttin g

s tr o k e g r in d in g

a b r a s iv e d r u m tu m b lin g

h o n in g

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Grinding variants (DIN 8589 o u te r d ia m e te r in n e r d ia m e te r

s u rfa c e
ISO/DP3002/V)
b
n

c ir c u m fe r e n tia l
p lu n g e g r in d in g

v fr

v fa
a

vc

a
v fr

vw
a

v fa

vc
a

vc

vc

v fa

vw
a

fa c e p lu n g e
g r in d in g

vw

v fr

c ir c u m fe r e n tia l
tra v e rs e
g r in d in g

vc

vw

v fr

b
e

vw
a

e
p

vc

vw
e

v fa

v fa

vc
b

vw

vw

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

v fa

vw
vc

vw

vc

vc

vc

v ft

fa c e tr a v e rs e
g r in d in g

vw

v fa
a

vc

What is the
difference?

r o ta tio n a l

v fr
vc

vc
a

vw

The difference

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Overview of todays topics

1.
2.
3.
4.

Introduction
Workpiece quality
Movements, tool geometry and process input quantities
Description of drilling and milling and broaching

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Surface roughness characterisation

Z1

Z2

Z3

Z4

1
R z =
5

Z5

R z

lc 1

lc 1

lc 1

1
R a =
l

R m r =

Zi

i= 1

( o ffic ia lly n o t
u s e d a n y m o re )

( R m a x = [ Z i] m a x )
R z R m ax

le

lc 1

l
(E N IS O 4 2 8 7 )

(R z
(R m a x
R z
R a
R m r
lc

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

z d x ( f o r m e r l y R a )
l

cl i 1 0 0 % ( f o r m e r l y t p )

te n p o in t h e ig h t)
m a x s in g le r o u g h n e s s h e ig h t )
m a x . ro u g h n e s s
a v e ra g e ro u g h n e s s
b e a r in g r a t io
m a te r ia l fille d p a r t o f r o u g h n e s s

R pk

Quantities of the bearing ratio curve

r o u g h n e s s p r o file

20

%
40
60
b e a r in g r a tio

r o u g h n e s s q u a n titie s
R y
R k

- m a x . ro u g h n e s s
- k e rn e l ro u g h n e s s

R p k - r e d u c e d p e a k h e ig h t
R v k - r e d u c e d v a lle y d e p th
R re s - r e s u lt in g r o u g h n e s s

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

100

System of surface deviations, DIN

s h a p e d e v ia tio n
e x a m p le
e x a m p le s o f t h e o r ig in
4760
1 . o r d e r : fo r m d e v ia tio n

s t r a ig h tn e s s - ,
f la tn e s s - ,
ro u n d n e s s -,
d e v ia tio n

e r r o r o f m a c h in e to o l g u id e w a y s ,
d e fle c tio n o f m a c h in e o f w o r k p ie c e ,
w r o n g c la m p in g , h e a t tr e a tm e n t
d is to r t io n , w e a r

w aves

e c c e n tr ic c h u c k in g , f o r m o r p o s it io n
d e v ia tio n o f t h e m illin g to o l, v ib r a tio n
o f m a c h in e o r to o l

g ro o v e s

fo r m o f c u ttin g e d g e ,
fe e d o r d e p th o f c u t o f th e to o l

2 . o r d e r : w a v in e s s

3 . o rd e r: ro u g h n e s s

4 . o rd e r: ro u g h n e s s

s lo ts
fla k e s
dom es

5 . o rd e r: ro u g h n e s s
( n o t s im p ly to d e s c r ib e )

s tru c tu re

6 . o rd e r: ro u g h n e s s
( n o t s im p ly to d e s c r ib e )

la tt ic e s tr u c t u r e
o f th e m a te r ia l

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

ty p e o f c h ip f o r m a t io n ( s e g m e n te d ,
b u ilt - u p e d g e ) , m a te r ia l d e fo r m a t io n
d u r in g je t m a c h in in g , m o d if ic a tio n
d u r in g g a lv a n ic c o a t in g
c r y s ta llis a t io n p r o c e s s e s , s u r f a c e
m o d ific a tio n b y c h e m ic a l r e a c tio n ,
c o r r o s io n p r o c e s s e s

Question

What is the implication of the

increasing machining accuracy on
the definitions of roughness and form
deviations?

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Physical surface properties after

turning or grinding
vc

tu r n in g

g r in d in g
n

vf

p e r p e n d ic u la r to
m a c h in in g d ir e c tio n

II

m a c h in e d s u r fa c e
-I

c ra c k s

s tru c tu re

h a rd n e s s

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

v fr

p a r a lle l to
m a c h in in g
d ir e c tio n

H V

vc

r e s id u a l s tr e s s e s

d is ta n c e fr o m
th e s u rfa c e

Overview of todays topics

1.
2.
3.
4.

Introduction
Workpiece quality
Movements, tool geometry and process input quantities
Description of drilling and milling

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Movements during turning

p r im a r y ( c u ttin g ) m o tio n
vc

w o r k p ie c e r o ta tio n
vf
fe e d m o tio n

d e p th o f c u t

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Working plane conditions

tu r n in g
ve

vc

w o r k in g p la n e

ve

vf
w o r k p ie c e
( fix e d in s p a c e )

w o r k in g p la n e
to o l
v

m illin g

vf
to o l

s in
ta n =
vc / vf +

v c = c u ttin g s p e e d

v e = e ffe c tiv e c u ttin g s p e e d

v f = fe e d s p e e d

w o r k p ie c e
( fix e d in s p a c e )

cos
= e ffe c tiv e c u ttin g s p e e d a n g le
= fe e d m o tio n a n g le

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Example: Turning of steel

Recommended values from the tool-manufacturer

d = 35 mm

turning
vc = 420 m/min
ve
ap = 2 mm
vc
working plane
f
= 0.25 mm/rev.

n
vf

= 4.000 rpm
= 1000mm/min=1 m/min

vf

tool
workpiece
(fixed in space)

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Terms at the cutting tool (1)

in s e r t

w o r k p ie c e
m in o r c u ttin g
edge

c h ip
n

ra k e fa c e
w edge

m in o r fla n k

ra k e fa c e
m a jo r c u ttin g
edge
m a jo r fla n k

m a jo r fla n k
c o rn e r
IS O 3 0 0 2 /1

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Terms at the cutting tool (2)

s e c t io n A - B ( to o l o r th o g o n a l p la n e )
ra k e fa c e
fla n k fa c e

c o n s id e r e d
w o r k in g p la n e
fe e d m o tio n
chosen
p o in t

to o l c u ttin g
e d g e p la n e

to o l re fe re n c e
p la n e
v ie w Z ( o n to o l c u ttin g e d g e p la n e )

to o l c u ttin g
e d g e p la n e
p r in c ip a l v ie w

m a jo r c u ttin g
edge

to o l re fe re n c e
p la n e

a c c o r d in g to D IN 6 5 8 1

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Terms at the cutting tool (3)

to o l c le a r a n c e a n g le

'

m in o r to o l c le a r a n c e a n g le

w e d g e a n g le

r a k e a n g le

to o l in c lu d e d a n g le

m a jo r c u ttin g e d g e a n g le

'

m in o r c u ttin g e d g e a n g le

in c lin a tio n a n g le

( v r ijlo o p h o e k )

( h u lp v r ijlo o p h o e k )

feed

( w ig h o e k )

(s p a a n h o e k )
cutting direction

(p u n th o e k )

( in s te lh o e k )

view B

( in s t e lh o e k v a n d e h u lp s n ijk a n t )
( h e llin g s h o e k )

section A - A

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Cutting and chip geometry

A = ap f = b h
h = f s in
b = a p / s in
ae = f
b

ap

f
a

= b

h
vf

= 90

vf

A = c h ip c r o s s s e c t io n
a p = d e p th o f c u t
f = fe e d
b = c h ip w id th
h = c h ip th ic k n e s s
= to o l c u ttin g
e d g e a n g le

Imagine vf and ap are equal; what do you think about the cutting
forces??
PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Fundamental equations

= a

f vc

= a

vf

m ax

vf
f = n
w
vc = d

Q w
ap
f
vc
ae
vf
nw
d m ax

m a te r ia l r e m o v a l r a te
d e p th o f c u t
fe e d
c u ttin g s p e e d
w id th o f c u t
fe e d s p e e d
w o r k p ie c e r o ta tio n
m a x . w o r k p ie c e d ia m e te r

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Variants of turning inserts (1)

Aluminium manufacturing

source: Sandvik

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Variants of turning inserts (2)

CBN

Polycrystalline diamond (PCD)

special applications (e.g. train wheels)

heavy duty cutting

source: Sandvik

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Variants of tool holders

source: Sandvik

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Overview of todays topics

1.
2.
3.
4.

Introduction
Workpiece quality
Movements, tool geometry and process input quantities
Description of drilling and milling and broaching

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Description of a helical drill

c h is e l e d g e

w e b th ic k n e s s

to o l

la n d ( e n g l. )
m a r g in ( U S )

2 ra
c h ip flu te
to o l a x is

m in o r fla n k fa c e

c h a m fe r o f th e
m in o r fla n k

vc

la n d w id th

ra k e fa c e
ve

c u ttin g
e d g e c o rn e r

m a jo r f la n k

m in o r c u ttin g e d g e
m a jo r c u ttin g e d g e

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

vf

w o r k p ie c e

Cutting angle at a drill

q

'h

rq
ra

rq

to o l c u ttin g
e d g e p la n e

to o l o rth o g o n a l
p la n e

re fe re n c e
p la n e
h

90

'h

2 ra
rq

'h

2 r

'h
h
in c lin a tio n o f t h e d r ill flu te

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

2 rq
0

s im p l i f i c a t i o n : = 0

Chip formation during drilling

0 ,0 5 1 m m r a d iu s

0 .0 7 6 m m r a d iu s

0 ,1 3 m m r a d iu s

c h is e l
edge

0 ,0 2 5 m m r a d iu s

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

3 ,6 m m r a d iu s

m a jo r
c u ttin g
edge

6 , 1 m m r a d iu s

Question

Looking at the chip formation process

in the previous pictures, what do you
think about the local and total
cutting forces in drilling
?

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Types of common drill tips

fo rm A

fo rm B

w e b th in n in g w ith m a jo r
c u ttin g e d g e c o r r e c tio n

w e b th in n in g
fo rm C

s p lit p o in t ( c h is e l e d g e e lim in a t e d )

fo rm D

w e b th in n in g ( m o d ifie d c h is e l e d g e )
w ith fa c e te d c o r n e r

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Drill variants
b o r e m a n u fa c tu r in g
d r illin g

m illin g

c e n tre
d r illin g
s h o r t h o le
d r illin g

h e lic a l
d r ill

d o u b le
m a r g in
d r ill

tr e p a n n in g
( h o llo w d r illin g )

d r ill o u t

lo n g h o le
d r illin g

b r o a c h in g
d r ill

d r ill w ith
in s e r t

spade
d r ill

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

canon
d r ill

s q u a re
d r ill

tre p a n
d r ill

o r b ita l
d r ill

Special types of drilling tools

Squaredrill with
coolant holes

Double margin drill

with coolant holes

drills with inserts

Squaredrill without
coolant holes

Spiral drill without

coolant holes

drill with changeable head

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Cutting conditions during face milling

c u t tin g e d g e
vc
e x it p la n e
ae

vf

ae1

e n tra n c e
z:
fz
fc

d e ta il Z
fz

ae2

fz

c
E

i. tr a je c to r y c u r v e
= 0
i.+ 1 tr a je c to r y c u r v e
p la n e
y
n u m b e r o f c u ttin g e d g e s

vf
= n z
ap
= fz s in

h = fc s in
h = f z s in s in

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

fc

180-

fz

fc
c u t tin g to o l
edge
b
w o r k p ie c e

s e c t io n A - A

Milling variants I
fa c e m illin g

p e r ip h e r a l m illin g
w o r k p ie c e s u r fa c e g e n e r a te d
b y m a jo r c u tt in g e d g e

w o r k p ie c e s u r fa c e g e n e r a te d
b y m in o r c u ttin g e d g e
n

to o l
c u ttin g in s e r t

n
ae

ap
fz

vf

fz
w o r k p ie c e

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

vf

Milling variants II
d o w n m illin g :
fe e d d ir e c tio n a n g le 9 0 1 8 0

u p m illin g :
fe e d d ir e c tio n a n g le 0 9 0
w o r k in g p la n e

m illin g t o o l

w o r k p ie c e

ve

vc

w o r k in g p la n e

m illin g t o o l
n

vf
vf

ve

vc

w o r k p ie c e

s o u rc e : D IN 6 5 8 0 E

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

s in
ta n =
vc / vf + cos

Form milling
3 - a x is m illin g

to o l a x is
d ir e c tio n

t o o l i n c l i n a t i o n a n g l e
s u rfa c e n o rm a l v e c to r

vf

m illin g h e a d

to o l a x is
d ir e c tio n
b a ll- n o s e
e n d m ill

vf

tR

tR

bR

bR
5 - a x is m illin g

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Milling head

Whats the rake face, primary cutting edge, major flank face??
Does this tool has a positive or negative rake angle??
source: Walter

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Solid tungsten carbide milling cutters

source: Jabro

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Broaching tool

tool

workpiece

source: WZL Aachen

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Broaching machines

Huge 50 t broaching machine

Ann Arbor Machine tool, USA

Horizontal broaching,
The Gear Works
Vertical broaching machine
Chan Yow, Taiwan

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly

Additional material

Advancing Cutting technology

G. Byrne, D. Dornfield, B. Denkena
Keynote paper in Annals of the CIRP 2002
(Belongs to the examination material)

PMA Precision Manufacturing and Assembly