Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Wireless connectivity
To transfer information without the use of wires.
Advantages :
convey the information quickly to the consumers.
medical centres through wireless
communication.
access Internet anywhere
BLUETOOTH
Landline
Cable
Replacement
Data/Voice
Access Points
Personal Ad-hoc
Connectivity
Reliability
What it really means?
Devices
Laptops
Gaming Consoles
Headsets
Cell Phones
Printers
User benefits
Multiple device access
Cordless phone benefits
Hands free operation
Wireless Freedom
Usage scenarios:
Synchronization
User benefits
Proximity synchronization
Easily maintained database
Common information database
User benefits
No more connectors
Easy internet access
Common connection experience
Remote Connections...
Wireless Positioning
Wireless
LAN
Bluetooth
On-campus:
Office, School,
Airport, Hotel,
Home
Cellular
Low-cost
Off-Campus Global
Coverage
What is Bluetooth?
A cable-replacement technology that can be
used to connect almost any device to any other
device
Radio interface enabling electronic devices to
communicate wirelessly via short range (10
meters) ad-hoc radio connections
a standard for a small , cheap radio chip to be
plugged into computers, printers, mobile
phones, etc
What is Bluetooth?
Uses the radio range of 2.45 GHz
Theoretical maximum bandwidth is 1 Mb/s
Several Bluetooth devices can form an ad hoc
network called a Piconet
In a piconet one device acts as a master (sets
frequency hopping behavior) and the others as
slaves
Example: A conference room with many laptops
wishing to communicate with each other
History
Harald Bluetooth : 10th century Danish King,
managed to unite Denmark and Norway
Bluetooth SIG (Special Interest Group) :
Founded in 1998 by : Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Toshiba and
Nokia
Currently more than 2500 adopter companies
Created in order to promote, shape an define the
specification and position Bluetooth in the market place.
Bluetooth Architecture
Piconet
Each piconet has one master and up to 7 simultaneous
slaves
Master : device that initiates a data exchange.
Slave : device that responds to the master
Scatternet
Linking of multiple piconets through the master or slave
devices
Bluetooth devices have point-to-multipoint capability to
engage in Scatternet communication.
Piconet
All devices in a piconet hop together
Master gives slaves its clock and device ID
S
M
SB
P
SB
M=Master P=Parked
S=Slave
SB=Standby
Scatternet
Devices can be slave in one piconet and master of
another
S
P
S
SB
M
SB
S
P
SB
S
Physical links
Between master and slave(s), different types of
links can be established. Two link types have
been defined:
Synchronous Connection-Oriented (SCO) link
Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL) link
Physical links
Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO)
Support symmetrical, circuit-switched, point-to-point
connections
Typically used for voice traffic.
Data rate is 64 kbit/s.
packet switching
asymmetric bandwidth, variable packet size (1,3, or 5 slots)
max. 721 kbps (57.6 kbps return channel)
108.8 - 432.6 kbps (symmetric)
10 11 12
13 14
15 16 17
Data
Audio
Co
ntr
ol
Other
L2CAP
Link Manager
Baseband
RF
Application Framework
and Support
Host Controller
Interface
Link Manager and
L2CAP
Radio & Baseband
Master
Standby
Inquiry
(3) P
aging
Inquiry
scan
Inquiry
response
ID pa
cket
Page
scan
Master
response
(4) ID packet
(5) F
HS p
acket
Slave
response
(6) ID packet
Connection
Connection
(7) ID packet
Standby
(Initialization)
E2
E2
Authentication
Link Key
Link Key
E3
E3
Encryption
Encryption Key
Encryption Key
(possibly)
Permanent
Storage
Temporary
Storage
ZigBee-Introduction
ZigBee-How it works?
Network coordinator
(FFD)
ZigBee-How it Operates?
Zeegbee operates in two major
Beacon mode modes
Non-beacon mode
Star
mesh
Z-Wave Applications
Compatibility is very
GOOD!
Comparison-ZigBee vs Bluetooth
Zigbee
Remote sensing & control
Bluetooth
Machine to machine
WAP Architecture
WAP Gateway
WML
WMLScript
WTAI
Etc.
Web Server
WML Encoder
WSP/WTP
WMLScript
Compiler
Protocol Adapters
HTTP
CGI
Scripts
etc.
Content
WML Decks
with WML-Script
Client
other content
server
Client
Gateway
response
with
content
Method proxy
encoded
response
with
content
Push proxy
push
content
request
encoders
&
decoders
encoded
push
content
encoded
request
WTA
user agent
WML
user agent
other
WAE
user agents
ADVANTAGES
Simplicity of use.
Mobility.
Personalized.
Easy to carry.
Increased sales for devices ,infrastructure & gateway
manufacturer.
Time saving.
DISADVANTAGES
Battery life
Small display screens
Speed of access
Limited availability
Price
Lack of user habit
Limited memory
Limited bandwidth
USAGE/APPLICATIONS
Corporate Applications: Sales force automation
where sales people use their WAP enabled handsets to get
instant, direct access to the latest pricing, latest news,
competitive information any time, anywhere.
Online Services:
-Banking: Users can get their current balance, transfer
funds between accounts and receive fax of a ministatement.
-Electronic Commerce: Subscribers can use their handset
just like their PC to purchase products and services over
the Web.
Tele services
-Prepaid Services: With a WAP-enabled phone, prepaid
subscribers can see their current balance with the press of a
button. By pressing another button, they can also recharge their
account by entering a credit card or voucher number into the
handset.
Personal Productivity
-Email: Using WAP users can keep track of their email right
from their handset.
Others include:
Interactive Chat
Auctions
Games
Middleware
What is Middleware?
Middleware is connectivity software that consists of a set
of enabling services that allow multiple processes running
on one or more machines to interact with each other.
software that allows organizations to share data between
disparate systems that do not communicate easily.
Middleware Use
Application
Application
API
Platform interface
Platform interface
Platform
OS
Platform
OS
Middleware : Application
Middleware enables applications running across multiple
platforms to communicate with each other .
Middleware shields the developer from dependencies on
Network Protocols, OS and hardware platforms.
Server
1
Client
Transfer
Server
2
Credit
account
Client
DB
DB
Server
1
DB
Server
2
DB
TPM
TP Monitors - Demonstration
Client
Client
Processing
Routines
Client
Client
Transaction
Processing
Monitor
Client
Client Transaction Type Requests
Database
RPC - Demonstration
Application
RPC
Stub
Application
Server
T
R
A
N
S
P
O
R
T
N
E
T
W
O
R
K
Application specific
procedure invocations
and returns
N
E
T
W
O
R
K
T
R
A
N
S
P
O
R
T
RPC
Stub
ORB - Demonstration
ORB
Activate service
Locate service
Establish
connection
communicate
Client Application
Remote Service
(Object)
MOM - Demonstration
Message
Message
A
P
P
L
I
C
A
T
I
O
N
M
O
M
A
P
I
T
R
A
N
S
P
O
R
T
N
E
T
W
O
R
K
Application A
(Client A)
Queue
MOM Provider
N
E
T
W
O
R
K
T
R
A
N
S
P
O
R
T
M
O
M
A
P
I
Application B
(Client B)
A
P
P
L
I
C
A
T
I
O
N
MOM - Architectural
Significance
Mainframe
J2EE Application
A
P
P
L
I
C
A
T
I
O
N
Process C
Listener
Message
Process B
Message
Process A
Transaction
5
8
Q1
Q2
Message
Listener
Message
Message
Middle Layer
0
9
Database
Advantages of Middleware:
Real time information access among systems
Streamlines business processes and helps raise
organizational efficiency.
Maintains information integrity across multiple systems
Disadvantages of Middleware
Prohibitively high development costs.
Implementations are very time consuming, and need a lot of
resources.
There are few people with experience in the market place.
There exists relatively few satisfying standards.
The tools are not good enough.
Too many platforms to be covered.
Middleware often threatens the real-time performance of a
system.
Middleware products are not very mature.
THANK YOU