Unit III

Sampling
Prof. Arun Mishra
arunjimishra@gmail.com
9893686820

Learning Objectives
Introduction to Sampling Concepts
Steps in Sampling
Characteristics of Good Sample Design
Criteria for selecting sampling procedure
Types of Sample Design

Sampling: Meaning & Concepts

SAMPLING is the process of selecting a few (a sample)
from a bigger group (Population) to become the basis for
estimating or predicting the situation or outcome
regarding the bigger group.
According to Goode & Hatt, A sample, as the name
applies, is a smaller representation of a large whole.
According to Bogardus, Sampling is the selection of
certain percentage of a group of items according to
predetermined plan.

Sampling Concept

Sampling Concepts
Population: Population refers to any group of people or objects
that form the subject of study in a particular survey and are
similar in one or more ways.
Element: An element comprises a single member of the
population.
Sampling frame: Sampling frame comprises all the elements of
a population with proper identification that is available to us for
selection at any stage of sampling.
Sample: It is a subset of the population. It comprises only some
elements of the population.

Sampling Concepts

Conti

Sampling unit: A sampling unit is a single member of the

sample.
Sampling: It is a process of selecting an adequate number of
elements from the population so that the study of the sample will
not only help in understanding the characteristics of the
population but will also enable us to generalize the results.
Census: An examination of each and every element of the
population is called census or complete enumeration.

STEPS IN SAMPLE DESIGN

Type of universe: The first step in developing any sample design
is to clearly define the set of objects, technically called the Universe,
to be studied. The universe can be finite or infinite.
Sampling unit: A decision has to be taken concerning a sampling
unit before selecting sample. Sampling unit may be;

Geographical Unit: State, District, Village, etc.,

Construction Unit: House, Flat, etc.,
Social Unit: Family, Club, School, etc.,
or it may be an individual.

Source List: It is also known as sampling frame from which

sample is to be drawn. It contains the names of all items of a
universe.

STEPS IN SAMPLE DESIGN

Conti

Sample Size: This refers to the number of items to be selected

from the universe to constitute a sample. Following points to be
considered:
Flexibility
Population Variance

Parameters of Interest: Refers to the factors that are of

interest to the researcher in obtaining sample. Eg. mean or
average of population.
Budgetary Constraint: Refers to Cost-related considerations.
Sampling Procedure: Refers to the technique/ method by
which sampling units are selected.

Characteristics of Good Sample Design

Criteria Of Selecting A Sampling Procedure

The Aims in selecting a sample are to:
Achieve maximum precision in estimates within given
sample size.
Avoid bias in the selection of sample.
Usually bias is the result of one or more of the following factors:
Inappropriate sampling frame.
Defective measuring device.
Non-respondents.
Natural bias in the reporting of data

Criteria Of Selecting A Sampling Procedure

While selecting a sampling procedure, researcher must ensure
that the procedure causes a relatively small sampling error.
Sampling errors are the random variations in the sample
estimates around the true population parameters.
Sampling error decreases with the increase in the size of the
sample.
Sampling error can be measured for a given sample design and
size.

Any
Question?