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Quantum Mechanics incorporates a waveparticle duality and explains all of the above
phenomena. In doing so, Quantum Mechanics
changes our understanding of nature in
fundamental ways. While the classical laws of
physics are deterministic, QM is probabilistic. We
can only predict the probability that a particle will
Wave-Matter Duality
Dual Nature of Light.
De-Broglie Hypothesis.
Matter Waves.
Uncertainty Principle &
Applications.
De-Broglies Hypothesis
COMPOSITION OF UNIVERSE
RADIATION
MATTER
DUAL
NATURE
ESTABLISHE
D
h
mv
PARTICLE
NATURE
MATTER WAVE BASED
ON NATURE SYMMETRY
Derivation
Other expressions..
In terms of kinetic energy
-34
Js
m = 100g = 0.1kg
v = 30m/s
h 6.67 x10 34
2.22 10 34 m
mv
0.1 30
Since wavelength of golf ball in
flight is much smaller than size of
ball so it shows particle nature
during flight.
h
6.67 x10 34
0.24
31
7
mv 9.1x10 x3x10
The radius of hydrogen atom is R
= 0.53 which is comparable to .
Hence orbiting electron exhibits
wave nature.
According to de-Broglie, a
wave of wavelength is
VELOCITYwith
OF aDE-BROGLIE
WAVES
associated
moving
material particle and is
given by
Let E be the energy of the
particle. Then the frequency
of the wave associated with
a particle is
According to Einsteins
mass-energy relationship
Wave Packet
Schrodinger postulated that a moving material particle is
not equivalent to a single wave train but equivalent to a
wave packet.
A wave packet consists of a group of waves slightly
differing in their wavelengths, velocities and phases.
these component waves will superimpose in such a way
that the average velocity of component waves is less
than the velocity of light.
The velocity of such wave packet is called group velocity
vg and the velocity of the individual waves forming the
wave-packet is called phase velocity
Group Velocity:
Generalized Uncertainty
Principles
Various other forms of uncertainty principles
are:
(L)( )
2
(E )(t )
2
(x)(p)
Significance of Uncertainty
Principle
These are generalized principles involving a pair of
physical quantities which are canonically conjugate.
The
concerned
uncertainties
are
not
due
to
alternate
physical processes.
interpretation
to
various
Matter Wave?????
A wave is associated with time and space
variation of a physical quantity.
Sound
variation.
Light
Interpretation of Matter Wave
If we speak with generalization, then propagation of a wave involves a
physical quantity, which varies with position and time. We can illustrate
this with following examples:
Electric and magnetic field vector oscillations in space and time result in
propagating EM waves
The sound waves propagate with variation in pressure in different portion of
media.
Wave-function ()
( x, y , z , t )
dV P ( x, y, z , t )
Normalized Wave-Function
( x, y, z, t ) dV N
2
( x, y , z , t )
1
( x, y, z , t ) dV 1
N
dV 1
( x, y , z , t )
1
( x, y, z , t ) Normalized Wavefuncti on
N
1
Normalization constant
N
( x, t )
dx 1
(1)
allspace
* ( x, t )
( x, t )
*
( x , t ) ( x, t )
t
t
all space
(2)
( x, t ) Ae
2 p
E
k
;
2
i
( px Et )
(3)
p
E
V ( x, t )
2m
(4)
E E i
t
t
2
2
1 2
2
2
2 p
p
2
x
x 2
(5)
(6)
( x, t )
2 2 ( x, t )
i
V ( x, t ) ( x, t )
2
t
2m x
This is time dependent Schrodingers equation in
one dimension.
(r , t )
2 2 2 2
i
2 2 2 r , t V (r , t ) r , t
t
2m x y z
2
(r , t )
r , t V (r , t ) (r , t ) i
2m
t
2
V (r , t ) (r , t )
2m
(r , t )
i
t
2 2
V (r , t ) Hamiltonian Operator
2m
V ( x, t ) ( x, t )
2
t
2m x
( x, t ) Ae
( px Et )
Ae
where ( x) Ae
2 e
x
also,
2
iEt
iE
e
t
ipx
2
( 2)
2
x
iEt
(3)
(1)
e e
iEt
2 2
E V ( x) 0
2
2m x
in 3D
2
2 E V ( x) 0
2m
2 2
V ( x ) E
2m
2 2
for free particle, V ( x) 0
E
2m
2 2
( r ) E V ( r ) ( r ) 0
2m
Hamiltonian of the system is given as :
2 2
H
V (r )
2m
which can be rewritten as :
H (r ) E (r )
Operator
Expectation
value: most
probable value of
physical quantity
Operators
What is an Operator ?
Operator is defined as a mathematical instruction
which when acting on a function transforms it.
Operand
A
Operator
Result
Basics of Operators
I
O 0
A
Identity operator
Null operator
B A1
A Eigen equation
values
of
physical
quantities
( x, t ) Ae
i
E
t
i
px Et
E i
t
p
p i
given as: i
x
x
2 2
p2
H
V H
V
2
2m
2m x
Lx i y z
y
z
Ly i z x
z
x
Lz xp y yp x Lz i x y
x
y
V (x)
V ( x) 0
X=
0
X=
L
2mE
If k 2 2
then we have :
d 2
2
k
0
2
dx
(1)
(2)
The solution
equation is:
of
this
( x) A cos kx B sin kx
differential
(3)
( x L ) 0
( x 0) A 0
( x) BSinkx
(5)
nx
n ( x) B sin
Quantization of Energy
The allowed energy values for the
particle obtained from eq. (1) are:
n 2 h 2 n 2 2 2
2
En
n
E1 (6)
2
2
8mL
2mL
particle
n
0 x dx B 0 sin L xdx 1
L
2
L
( x)
2
nx
sin
L
L
(7)
Discrete States
E3
E2
E1
3 ( x)
2
3x
sin
L L
2 ( x)
2
2x
sin
L
L
1 ( x)
2
x
sin
L
L
Conclusions