03 - RN31553EN20GLA0 - The Physical Layer - HSPA - v2

Course Content
Warming Up
The Physical Layer Rel. 99
The Physical Layer HSDPA, HSUPA & HSPA+
RRC Modes, System Information, Paging & Update Procedures
Cell Selection & Reselection
RRC Connection Establishment
WCDMA Measurements in the UE
Mobility Management & Connection Management
UTRAN Control Protocol Overview (without RRC)
Nokia Siemens Networks
RN31554EN20GLA0
Module Objectives
At the end of the module you will be able to:

Describe the physical channels related to HSDPA
Name the differences between HSDPA & HSUPA principles
Which physical channels are required for HSUPA?
Describe the HSDPA & HSUPA capabilities
List the most important features boosting HSPA towards higher peak rates in
3GPP Rel. 7 & 8
RN31554EN20GLA0

HSDPA Principle
HSDPA Physical Channels
HSUPA Principles
HSUPA Physical Channels
HSPA+ features (RU20)
RN31554EN20GLA0
HSDPA Principles
HSDPAenabled
WCEL; 0 = disabled; 1 = enabled
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) based on:

Node B decisions
Multi-code operation
Fast Link Adaptation
Adaptive Modulation & Coding AMC
Fast Packet Scheduling

Fast H-ARQ
Fast TTI = 2 ms*
Downwards Compatibility with R99
(shared or dedicated carrier)
Motivation:
- enhanced spectrum efficiency
- higher peak rates >> 2 Mbps
- higher cell throughput
- reduced delay for ACK transmission
RN31554EN20GLA0
3GPP
3GPPRel.
Rel.5;5;TS
TS25.308:
25.308:
HSDPA
HSDPAOverall
OverallDescription
Description
up
D t o 15
L S HS
ha
red Ph
Ch ysic
an
n al
el s
* TTI = 1 Subframe = 3 Slots = 2 ms

H-ARQ: Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
Adaptive Modulation & Coding (1/2)

HSDPA uses
QPSK
16QAM
16QAM
4-Bit Keying
dynamically based on
quality of the radio link
QPSK
2-Bit Keying
0100
1100
0101
1101
1000
0000
Q
(0,1)
(1,1)
1001
0001
I
(0,0)
(1,0)
RN31554EN20GLA0
0111
1111
1011
0011
0110
1110
1010
0010
Adaptive Modulation & Coding (2/2)
Turbo
TurboCoding
Coding
1/3
1/3
HSDPA
HSDPAAdaptive
AdaptiveCoding
Coding
based
basedon
onthe
theR99
R991/3
1/3Turbo
TurboCoding
Coding
Rate
Rate
Matching
Matching
Puncturing
Puncturing//
Repetition
Repetition
Rate
RateMatching:
Matching:Puncturing
Puncturingor
orRepetition
Repetition
code
coderate:
rate:1/6
1/64/4
4/4
dynamically
dynamicallybased
basedon
on
quality
of
the
radio
link
quality of the radio link
Effective
Code Rate:
1/4 - 3/4
6
RN31554EN20GLA0
Multi Code Operation (1/3)

SF = 1
8
C8,0 = [11111111]
C4,0 = [1111]
C8,1 = [1111-1-1-1-1]
C2,0 = [11]
C8,2 = [11-1-111-1-1]
C4,1 = [11-1-1]
C8,3 = [11-1-1-1-111]
C1,0 = [1]
C8,4 = [1-11-11-11-1]
C4,2 = [1-11-1]
C8,5 = [1-11-1-11-11]
C2,1 = [1-1]
C8,6 = [1-1-111-1-11]
C4,3 = [1-1-11]
C8,7 = [1-1-11-111-1]
RN31554EN20GLA0
SF = 16
...
256
512
C16,0 = [.........]
C16,1 = [.........]
C16,2 = [.........]
C16,3 = [.........]
C16,4 = [.........]
C16,5 = [.........]
C16,6 = [.........]
C16,7= [.........]
C16,8 = [.........]
C16,9 = [.........]
C16,10 = [........]
C16,11 = [........]
C16,12 = [........]
C16,13 = [........]
C16,14 = [........]
C16,15 = [........]
SF
SF ==16
16
240
240ksymb/s
ksymb/s
Multi-Code
Multi-Codeoperation:
operation:
1..15
1..15codes
codes
0.24
0.24....3.6
3.6Msymb/s
Msymb/s
Multi Code Operation (2/3)

Modulation
Modulation Coding
Codingrate
rate 55codes
codes
QPSK
QPSK
16QAM
16QAM
RAS06: max. 15 Codes,

10 Mbps/user
64QAM
64QAM
RU10:
max. 14.4 Mbps/user
RU20 includes
3GPP Rel. 7 features:
64QAM (RAN 1643)
RN31554EN20GLA0
10
10codes
codes
15
15codes
codes
1/4
1/4
600 kbps
600 kbps
1.2 Mbps
1.2 Mbps
1.8 Mbps
1.8 Mbps
2/4
2/4
1.2
1.2Mbps
Mbps
2.4
2.4Mbps
Mbps
3.6
3.6Mbps
Mbps
3/4
3/4
1.8
1.8Mbps
Mbps
3.6
3.6Mbps
Mbps
5.4
5.4Mbps
Mbps
2/4
2/4
2.4 Mbps
2.4 Mbps
4.8 Mbps
4.8 Mbps
7.2 Mbps
7.2 Mbps
3/4
3/4
3.6
3.6Mbps
Mbps
7.2
7.2Mbps
Mbps 10.8
10.8Mbps
Mbps
4/4
4/4
4.8
4.8Mbps
Mbps
9.6
9.6Mbps
Mbps 14.4
14.4Mbps
Mbps
3/4
3/4
5.4
5.4Mbps
Mbps 10.8
10.8Mbps
Mbps 16.2
16.2Mbps
Mbps
5/6
5/6
6.0
6.0Mbps
Mbps 12.0
12.0Mbps
Mbps 18.0
18.0Mbps
Mbps
4/4
4/4
7.2
7.2Mbps
Mbps 14.4
14.4Mbps
Mbps 21.6
21.6Mbps
Mbps
64QAM
6 bits/symbol
Multi Code Operation (3/3): HSDPA UE capability classes

HS- DSCH
category
max. No. of
HS-DSCH
Codes
min. *
Inter-TTI
interval
Modulation
Dual-Stream
MIMO
supported
Peak
Rate
3 (6 ms)
QPSK/16QAM
No
1.2 Mbps
QPSK/16QAM
No
1.2 Mbps
2 (4 ms)
QPSK/16QAM
No
1.8 Mbps
QPSK/16QAM
No
1.8 Mbps
1 (2 ms)
QPSK/16QAM
No
3.6 Mbps
QPSK/16QAM
No
3.6 Mbps
10
QPSK/16QAM
No
7 Mbps
10
QPSK/16QAM
No
7 Mbps
15
QPSK/16QAM
No
10 Mbps
10
15
QPSK/16QAM
No
14 Mbps
11
QPSK only
No
1 Mbps
12
QPSK only
No
1.8 Mbps
13
15
QPSK/16QAM/
64QAM
No
17.4 Mbps
WCEL; 0 (Disabled), 1 (Enabled)
14
15
QPSK/16QAM/
64QAM
No
21.1 Mbps
Details HSPA+
15
15
QPSK/16QAM
Yes
23.4 Mbps
16
15
QPSK/16QAM
Yes
28 Mbps
17
15
QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM or
Dual-Stream MIMO
17.4 or 23.4
Mbps
15
21.1 or 28
RU20 includes
3GPP Rel. 7 features:
64QAM (RAN 1643)
2x2 MIMO (RAN 1642)
(Dual-Stream MIMO)
HSDPA64QAMAllowed
MIMOEnabled
* TTI: Transmission
Time Interval
9
RN31554EN20GLA0
18
Network Modifications for HSDPA

new Node B / MAC-hs functionalities:
Fast H-ARQ (Acknowledged transmission):
UTRAN & UE:
faster retransmission / reduced delays !

less Iub retransmission traffic !
higher spectrum efficiency !
modified PHY layer
modified MAC: MAC-(e)hs
fast & efficient resource allocation !
Adaptive Modulation & Coding !

compensation of fast fading (without fast PC)
higher peak rates & spectrum efficiency !
Uu
Iub
functionalities
functionalities
shiftedto
to
shifted
NodeBB
Node
10
Reduced
Reduced
retransmission
retransmission
RNC:
RNC:
Node B
more intelligence
new functionalities
RN31554EN20GLA0
modified transport and

physical channels
modified coding
modified modulation
newUEs
UEs
new
HSDPACapability
Capability
HSDPA
Classes
Classes
UE
HSDPA Protocol Model: MAC-(e)hs

RLC
MAC-d
DCH
R99
DPCH
PHY
UE
HSDPA
(R5)
HSDPA
(R7)
RLC
MAC-d
PHY
UE
11
PHY
Uu
MAC-hs
MAC-ehs
RLC
MAC-d
DCH
FP
DCH
FP
TNL
TNL
Node B
Iub
RLC
MAC-d
MAC-d flow
HS-DSCH
HS-PDSCH
Uu
RN31554EN20GLA0
RNC
MAC-hs
MAC-ehs
HS-DSCH FP
HS-DSCH FP
PHY
TNL
TNL
Node B
Iub
(e)hs: (enhanced) high speed

TNL
Transport Network Layer
RNC
Concepts of MAC Layer, MAC-hs & MAC-ehs

MAC: Medium Access Control MAC TS 25.321
Mapping of logical channels onto transport channels
Multiplexing of multiple logical channels onto a single transport channel, e.g. of 4 signalling radio bearers (SRB)
onto single DCH
Complete MAC multiplexing for user plane data currently not supported
Multiplexing requires the addition of a MAC header
MAC entities on network side distributed between RNC and Node B
MAC-hs
supports HSDPA with 3GPP Rel. 5
Tasks of MAC-hs within the Node B
Flow control
Packet scheduling
H-ARQ
Transport format selection
Tasks of MAC-hs within the UE

HARQ (see section layer 1 re-transmission)
Disassembly of transport blocks
Re-ordering
Header & payload

Payload: Concatenating of one or more MAC-d PDU into single MAC-hs PDU
Header: 21 bits assuming single MAC-d PDU size
MAC-ehs
supports enhanced HS-DSCH functions of 3GPP Rel. 7 & 8
must be configured to support features such as: 64QAM (RAN1643), MIMO (RAN 1642), flexible RLC (RAN1638), Dual-Cell HSDPA
(RAN1906)
12
RN31554EN20GLA0
HSDPA: MAC-hs & HS-DSCH

The MAC layer is split to MAC-d and MAC-hs for HS-DSCH
The HS-DSCH is terminated in the BTS (so called MAC-hs)
MAC-hs layer is in charge of
distributing the HS-DSCH resources between all the MAC-d flows according to their priority (i.e. Packet
Scheduling)
selecting the appropriate transport format for every TTI (i.e. link adaptation)
The radio interface layers above the MAC are not modified from the Release 99 architecture
because HSDPA is intended for transport of logical channels
The move of the data queues to the Node B creates the need of a flow control mechanism (HSDSCH Frame Protocol) that aims at keeping the buffers full
The HS-DSCH FP handles the data transport from the serving RNC to the controlling RNC (if the
Iur interface is involved) and between the controlling RNC & the Node B
In RAN side MAC-c/sh entity can be involved on HS-DSCH traffic (optional). The following
functionality is covered:
Flow control;
flow control function also exists towards MAC-hs in case of configuration with MAC-c/sh.
There is one MAC-c/sh entity in the UTRAN for each cell
MAC -sh is used to control the flow of all MAC-d flows of one BTS for preventing the congestion of
the MAC-d data flows inside the RNC and Iub
13
RN31554EN20GLA0
Fast Link Adaptation in HSDPA

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
C/I varies with

fading
C/I received by UE
1 6 Q A M 3 /4
1 6 Q A M 2 /4
20
40
Link adaptation
mode
Q P S K 3 /4
Q P S K 2 /4
Q P S K 1 /4
14
1 TTI = 2 ms
RN31554EN20GLA0
60
80
Tim e [n u m b e r o f TTIs ]
100
120
140
BTS adjusts link adaptation mode

with a few ms delay based on
channel quality reports from the UE
160
Fast H-ARQ
H-ARQ:
Server
RNC
Node-B
MAC-hs Layer-1
retransmissions
Round-Trip Time:
16 ms
UE
TCP retransmissions
RLC retransmissions
HARQRVConfiguration
WBTS; 0 = Chase Combining,
1 = Incremental Redundancy
15
RN31554EN20GLA0
H-ARQ:
Incremental Redundancy IR
Chase Combining CC
Fast Packet Scheduling (1/2)

Fast Packet Scheduling:
Node B decides allocation of HSDPA resources to UE every TTI = 2 ms
supported Packet Scheduler algorithm*:
Round Robin RR
Proportional Fair PF (requires individual license)
up
D t o 15
L S HS
ha
red Ph
Ch ysic
an
n al
el s
* Type of scheduler set by HSDPA.BB.Resource.Allocation

commissioning parameter
16
RN31554EN20GLA0
Round Robin RR
assigns sub-frames in rotation
User at cell edge served as frequently as

user at cell centre
doesnt account for UEs channel conditions

Low total throughput in cell
if no data have to be transferred to certain

UE then sub-frame assigned to next UE
Fast Packet Scheduling (2/2)

Proportional Fair PF
Takes into account multipath fading conditions experienced by UE
Improved total throughput in cell compared to RR
Sub-frames assigned according scheduling metric
Ratio instantaneous data rate / average data rate experienced in the past
User at cell edge served less frequently as user at cell centre
TTI 1
TTI 2
TTI 3
TTI 4
Scheduled user
USER 2 Es/N0
17
RN31554EN20GLA0
USER 1 Es/N0

HSDPA Principle
HSUPA Principles
18
RN31554EN20GLA0
Physical Channel Overview
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
High-SpeedPhysical
PhysicalDL
DLShared
SharedChannel
Channel
High-Speed
HS-SCCH
HS-SCCH
HighSpeed
SpeedShared
SharedControl
ControlChannel
Channel
High
HS-DPCCH
HS-DPCCH
HighSpeed
SpeedDedicated
DedicatedPhysical
PhysicalControl
ControlChannel
Channel
High
associatedDCH
DCH
associated
Node B
DedicatedChannel
Channel(Rel.
(Rel.99)
99)
Dedicated
MAC-hs
F-DPCH
F-DPCH
Fractional Dedicated Physical Channel (Rel. 6/7)
Fractional Dedicated Physical Channel (Rel. 6/7)

19
RN31554EN20GLA0
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH: High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel
Transfer of actual HSDPA data
5 - 15 code channels
QPSK or 16QAM modulation
2 ms TTIs
u
Fixed SF16
p to 1
5H
PD
SC
SF= 1
SF= 2
SF= 4
SF= 8
SF=16
allocated for other channels
20
RN31554EN20GLA0
Example: Allocated for HS-DSCH
Hs
HS-SCCH (1/2)
HS-SCCH: High-Speed Shared Control Channel
L1 Control Data for UE; informs the UE how to decode the next HS-PDSCH frame
e.g. UE Identity, Channelisation Code Set, Modulation Scheme, TBS, H-ARQ process information
Fixed SF128
transmitted 2 slots in advance to HS-PDSCHs
Nokia implementation with slow power control: shares DL power with the HS-PDSCH
more than 1 HS-SCCH required when code multiplexing is used
Field
Number of
uncoded bits
Channelisation Code
set CCS
7 bits*
Modulation scheme
information
1 bit*
Transport block size
6 bits
H-ARQ process
information
3 bits
Redundancy &
constellation version
3 bits
New data indicator
1 bit
UE Identity
16 bits
MaxNbrOfHSSCCHCodes
Maximum number of HS-SCCH codes
WCEL; RU10 & earlier: 1..3; 1; 1; RU20: 1..4

SF16
HS-PDSCH
15
User 1
User 2
User 3
User 4
Subframe
2 ms
10
Time
21
RN31554EN20GLA0
TBS: Transport Block Size
* Rel. 7: 7th bit of CCS set is used to indicate

whether 64QAM is used. Usage of new HSSCCH format indicated by higher layer
HS-SCCH (2/2)
+15 x SF16
HS-PDSCH
SF16
SF32
32
SF64
64
64
64
FACH
SF128
SF256
128
128
128
(FACH-s)
HS-SCCH
256
256
256 256 256
256
256
(PCH)
128
256
128
256
256
256
CPICH
AICH
P-CCPCH
PICH
128
128
128
Allocated CC
Blocked CC
Available CC
15 HS-PDSCH codes can be bundled in maximum case

FACH-s: for Service Area Broadcast (CTCH)
22
RN31554EN20GLA0
128
128
HS-SCCH
HS-SCCH
256
256
256
256
HS-DPCCH
UL HS-DPCCH: High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
MAC-hs Ack/Nack information (send when data received)
Channel Quality Information (CQI reports send every 4ms, hardcoded period)
Fixed SF 256
1 Slot = 2560 chip
HARQ-ACK
(10 bit)
2 Slots = 5120 chip

CQI (20 bit)
Channel Quality Indication
1 HS-DPCCH Subframe = 2ms
Subframe # 0
Subframe # i
TS
TS25.212:
25.212:CQI
CQIvalues
values==00(N/A),
(N/A),11....30;
30;steps:
steps:1;
1;
11indicating
lowest,
30
highest
air
interface
quality
indicating lowest, 30 highest air interface quality
23
RN31554EN20GLA0
Subframe # N
CQI
HS-DPCCH & CQI

DP C
QPSK
173
QPSK
233
QPSK
317
QPSK
377
QPSK
461
QPSK
650
QPSK
792
QPSK
931
QPSK
10
1262
QPSK
11
1483
QPSK
12
1742
QPSK
13
2279
QPSK
14
2583
QPSK
15
3319
QPSK
16
3565
16-QAM
17
4189
16-QAM
18
4664
16-QAM
19
5287
16-QAM
20
5887
16-QAM
21
6554
16-QAM
22
7168
16-QAM
23
9719
16-QAM
24
11418
16-QAM
TS 25.214: Annex Table 7b
25
14411
10
16-QAM
Cat 8 UE
26
14411
12
16-QAM
-1
27
14411
12
16-QAM
-2
28
14411
12
16-QAM
-3
29
14411
12
16-QAM
-4
30
14411
12
16-QAM
-5
CH (
ACK
;
CQI)
UE observes
P-CPICH (Ec/Io)
CQI*
SCC
H
up to
15
PD S H S
C Hs
CQI used for:

Link Adaptation decision
Packet Scheduling decision
ACK/NACK used for:

H-ARQ process
Link Adaptation decision
HS-SCCH power adaptation
* UE internal (proprietary) process

TB Size [bit]
CQI value 0: N/A (Out of range)
= Reference Power Adjustment (Power Offset) [dB]
24
RN31554EN20GLA0
137
HS
# codes Modulation
P-CPICH
HS
TB Size
CQI Table (Example)
CQI
CQI Tables
TS 25.214:
Annex Table 7d
Cat 10 UE
TS 25.214:
Annex Table 7f
Cat 13 UE
TS 25.214 Annex Table 7g

Cat 14 UE:
CQI29: 14 Codes; 32257 bit
CQI30: 15 Codes; 38582 bit
25
TB Size
# codes Modulation
CQI
TB Size
# codes Modulation
137
QPSK
136
QPSK
173
QPSK
176
QPSK
233
QPSK
232
QPSK
317
QPSK
320
QPSK
377
QPSK
376
QPSK
461
QPSK
464
QPSK
650
QPSK
648
QPSK
792
QPSK
792
QPSK
931
QPSK
928
QPSK
10
1262
QPSK
10
1264
QPSK
11
1483
QPSK
11
1488
QPSK
12
1742
QPSK
12
1744
QPSK
13
2279
QPSK
13
2288
QPSK
14
2583
QPSK
14
2592
QPSK
15
3319
QPSK
15
3328
QPSK
16
3565
16-QAM
16
3576
16-QAM
17
4189
16-QAM
17
4200
16-QAM
18
4664
16-QAM
18
4672
16-QAM
19
5287
16-QAM
19
5296
16-QAM
20
5887
16-QAM
20
5896
16-QAM
21
6554
16-QAM
21
6568
16-QAM
22
7168
16-QAM
22
7184
16-QAM
23
9719
16-QAM
23
9736
16-QAM
24
11418
16-QAM
24
11432
16-QAM
25
14411
10
16-QAM
25
14424
10
16-QAM
26
17237
12
16-QAM
26
15776
10
64-QAM
27
21754
12
16-QAM
27
21768
12
64-QAM
28
23370
12
16-QAM
28
26504
13
64-QAM
29
24222
12
16-QAM
29
32264
14
64-QAM
12
16-QAM
30
32264
14
64-QAM
-2
30 RN31554EN20GLA0
25558
Associated DCH (DL & UL)

DL DPCH: Associated Dedicated Physical Channel
Transfer of L3 signalling messages
Speech - AMR
Power control commands for associated UL DPCH
UL DPCH: (DPDCH & DPCCH)

Transfer of L3 signalling messages
Transfer of UL data 16 / 64 / 128 / 384 kbps, e.g. TCP acknowledgements
Speech - AMR
DPDCH / DPCCH (time multiplexed)

DPDCH: L3 signalling; AMR
DPCCH: TPC for UL DPCH power control
DPDCH: L3 signalling, AMR; TCP ACKs;

16 / 64 / 128 348 kbps
DPCCH: TPC, Pilot, TFCI

26
RN31554EN20GLA0
Fractional DPCH: F-DPCH (DL)

The Fractional DPCH (F-DPCH):
was introduced in 3GPP Rel. 6 (enhanced in Rel. 7; NSN RU20 implementation based on Rel. 7)
replaces the DL DPCCH when the DL DPDCH is not present, i.e. both application data and SRB are
transferred using HSDPA
includes Transmit Power Control (TPC) bits but excludes TFCI & Pilot bits
TFCI bits - no longer required as there is no DPDCH
Pilot bits - no longer required as TPC bits are used for SIR measurements
increases efficiency by allowing up to 10 UE to share the same DL SF256 channelisation code

- time multiplexed one after another
FDPCHEnabled
1 time slot 2560 chips

256
chips
Tx Off
TPC
Tx Off
Slot #i
27
RN31554EN20GLA0
Physical channel structure Time multiplexing

3GPP enables time
and code
multiplexing.
1 radio frame (15 slots, total 10 ms)

2 ms
1
Subframe #1
2 slots
UE
1
UE
1
Subframe #2
UE
1
UE
1
UE
1
UE
2
UE
2
UE
2
UE
1
UE
1
UE
1
UE
2
UE
2
UE
2
UE
1
UE
1
UE
1
UE
1
UE
2
UE
2
UE
2
UE
3
UE
3
Subframe #3
UE
3
UE
3
UE
3
UE
1
UE
3
10
11
12
Subframe #4
13
14
15
Subframe #5
UE
1
HS-PDSCH #1
UE
1
HS-PDSCH #2
UE
1
HS-PDSCH #3
User data on
HS-DSCH
Picture presents time

multiplexing
One HS-SCCH
required per cell
Codes can be
allocated only to
one user at a time
HS-SCCH
3 slots
UE #3
L1 feedback
UE #2
L1 feedback
UE #1
28
L1 feedback
RN31554EN20GLA0
HS-DPCCH
HS-DPCCH
HS-DPCCH
Timing of HSDPA Physical Channels

P-CCPCH
HS-SCCH
HS-PDSCH
2 slots
3 slots
TTX_diff
Unit = chips
2560 chips = slot
3 slots = (HSDPA)
subframe
15 slots = frame
Tprop + 7.5 slots
Downlink DPCH
Node B
UE
Tprop + 0.4 slots (1024 chips)
Uplink DPCH
m x 0.1 slots = TTX_diff + 10.1 slots
HS-DPCCH
29
RN31554EN20GLA0

HSPA Principle
HSUPA Principles
30
RN31554EN20GLA0
Comparing HSUPA & HSDPA (1/2)

HSUPAEnabled
WCEL; 0 = disabled; 1 = enabled
3GPP Rel. 6: TS 25.309 HSUPA technical requirements
Node B controlled scheduling
Hybrid ARQ
Shorter TTI: 2 ms or 10 ms
Downward compatibility to R99, R4 & R5
HSUPA requires HSDPA
Minimise HSUPA (UE and UTRAN) complexity
Full mobility support and urban, suburban & rural deployment
same
sameas
asHSDPA
HSDPA
HHSSUUP
PAA
HHSSDDP
PAA
Uu
Iub
RNC
31
Node B
RN31554EN20GLA0
UEs
Comparing HSUPA & HSDPA (2/2)

HSUPA problems / differences to HSDPA:
Why not
adapting
HSDPA solutions
to UL?
Power Control PC: Fast Power Control

on DL centralized PC
on UL individual PC
pure time multiplexing difficult
on UL fast PC still necessary (same as Rel. 99)
(UL interference UL scrambling codes)
Higher order modulation difficult for UE; coming with Rel.7

Soft Handover required due to coverage reasons
HSUPA (similar to HSDPA) is based on
32
RN31554EN20GLA0
Fast H-ARQ terminated at Node B

Fast UL Packet Scheduling controlled by Node B
Fast Link Adaptation:
- Adaptive coding (1/4 - 4/4 code rate)
- Adaptive modulation with Rel. 7
E-DCH: Enhanced Dedicated Channel (TS 25.309)

E-DCH transport channel characteristics
UL (only) transport channel
Dedicated to 1 UE
Subject to Node-B controlled scheduling & HARQ
Supports 2 ms TTI and 10 ms TTI
Enhanced
Enhanceddedicated
dedicatedchannel
channelE-DCH
E-DCH
Dedicated channel DCH
A channel dedicated to 1 UE
used in UL or DL.
RNC
Uu
Iub
Node B
33
RN31554EN20GLA0
UE
E-DPDCH & E-DPCCH

cd,1
E-DPDCH:
carries E-DCH transport channel
user data only (+ 24 CRC bits/TTI)
SF = 256 2 !
Multi-Code Operation: there may be 0, 1, 2
or 4 E-DPDCH on each radio link
up to 2x SF2 + 2x SF4 up to 5.76 Mbps
Rel. `99
DPDCH1
cd,3
DPDCH3
cd,5
E-DPCCH:
transmits HSUPA L1 control information
associated with the E-DCH
SF = 256 fixed
content: E-TFCI, RSN & Happy Bit
DPDCH5
I+jQ
cd,2
cd,4
Sdpch
DPDCH2
Rel. 6 UL: DCH & E-DCH Configurations

Configuration #
DPDCH
HSDPCCH
E-DPDCH
EDPCCH
DPDCH4
cd,6
cc
DPDCH6
DPCCH
34
RN31554EN20GLA0
E-TFCI: Enhanced Transport Format Combination Indication

RSN: Retransmission Sequence Number
HSUPA 5.8Mbps
RAN 981: HSUPA 5.8 Mbps peak rate
Optional Feature (ASW)

RNC License Key required (ON OFF)
MaxTotalUplinkSymbolRate
WCEL; 0 (960 kbps, SF4), 1 (1.92 Mbps; 2xSF4),
2 (3.84 Mbps; 2xSF2), 3 (5.76 Mbps; 2xSF2 + 2xSF4);
HSUPA 5.8 Mbps active parameter value 3
allowed; else max. 2
To support an UL peak rate of 5.8 Mbps* the
UE needs to send on 4 E-DCH channels in
parallel (2xSF2 + 2xSF4)
E-DPDCH
(on I- and Q-branches
2SF2 + 2SF4 max)
Cch,2,1
Cch,4,3
UE category 6 + 7 enable transmission of 4

codes in parallel & support 5.76 Mbps at
maximum with QPSK modulation
Cch,4,2
In case of 4 code E-DCH transmission 3GPP

defines that no DPDCH may be allocated
simultaneously
The SRB needs to be mapped on E-DCH in
this case. This requires RU20 RAN 1470
SRB's on HSUPA, which introduces the
mapping of UL SRBs on E-DCH
Cch,4,1
Cch,2,0
Cch,4,0
SF2
SF4
RU20:
5.8 Mbps &
2 ms TTI
35
RN31554EN20GLA0
* 5.76 Mbps
SF8
HSUPA UE Capability Classes / Throughput

E- DCH
Category
max.
E-DCH
Codes
min.
SF
2 & 10 ms
TTI E-DCH
support
max. #. of
E-DCH Bits* /
10 ms TTI
max. # of
E-DCH Bits* / 2
ms TTI
Modulation
Reference
combination
Class
HSUPA UE
10 ms only
7296
QPSK
0.73 Mbps
capability
10 & 2 ms
14592
2919
QPSK
1.46 Mbps
classes
10 ms only
14592
QPSK
1.46 Mbps
(TS 25.306;
10 & 2 ms
20000
5772
QPSK
2.92 Mbps
10 ms only
20000
QPSK
2.0 Mbps
10 & 2 ms
20000
11484
QPSK
5.76 Mbps
10 & 2 ms
20000
22996
QPSK &
16QAM
11.5 Mbps
Rel. 6/7)
Rel. 7
HSUPA
Throughput
RU20:
5.8 Mbps &
2 ms TTI
36
Coding
Codingrate
rate
11xxSF4
SF4
22xxSF4
SF4
22xxSF2
SF2
22xxSF2
SF2++
22xxSF4
SF4
1/2
1/2
480
480kbps
kbps
960
960kbps
kbps
1.92
1.92Mbps
Mbps
2.88
2.88Mbps
Mbps
3/4
3/4
720
720kbps
kbps
1.46
1.46Mbps
Mbps
2.88
2.88Mbps
Mbps
4.32
4.32Mbps
Mbps
4/4
4/4
960
960kbps
kbps
1.92
1.92Mbps
Mbps
3.84
3.84Mbps
Mbps
5.76
5.76Mbps
Mbps
RAS06
RN31554EN20GLA0
RU10
RU20
* Maximum No. of bits / E-DCH transport block
Network Modifications
new Node B functionalities:
UTRAN & UE:
Fast H-ARQ (Acknowledged transmission):
modified PHY layer
modified MAC: MAC-e & MAC-es
faster retransmission / reduced delays !

less Iub retransmission traffic !
higher spectrum efficiency !

fast & efficient resource allocation !
Uu
RNC
Iub
modified transport and

physical channels
modified coding
UE
Node B
functionalities
functionalities
shiftedto
to
shifted
NodeBB
Node
37
Reduced
Reduced
retransmission
retransmission
RNC:
RNC:
newUE`s
UE`s
new
Node B
more
more
Intelligence;
Intelligence;
newfunctionalities
functionalities
new
RN31554EN20GLA0
new UE functionality:
Adaptive Coding (& Modulation; from Rel. 7 on)

higher peak rates & spectrum efficiency !
HSUPA Protocol Architecture: MAC-e & MAC-es

The Transfer of Transport Blocks E-DCH
UE
S-RNC
Node B
UE modifications:
S-RNC modifications:
MAC-es & MAC-e:
Node B modifications:
H-ARQ retransmission
MAC-e handling:
Scheduling & MAC-e multiplexing
H-ARQ retransmission
E-DCH TFC selection
Scheduling & MAC-e multiplexing
MAC-es handling:
in-sequence delivery (reordering)
SHO data combining
RLC
RLC
MAC-d
MAC-d
MAC-es
MAC-es / MAC-e
Iub
PHY
38
RN31554EN20GLA0
E-DCH FP
MAC-e
PHY
PHY
Uu
E-DCH FP
PHY
HSUPA Protocol Architecture: MAC-e, MAC-es

Transport Channel Formats E-DCH
New MAC entities appear as follows for each network element:
UE
New MAC entity (MAC-es/MAC-e) is added in the UE located below MAC-d. and is in charge of:
H-ARQ: buffering MAC-e payloads & retransmit ting them
Multiplexing: concatenating multiple MAC-d PDUs to MAC-es PDUs & multiplex 1 or multiple MAC-es PDUs
to 1 MAC-e PDU
E-TFC selection: Enhanced Transport Format Combination selection according to scheduling information
(Relative & Absolute Grants) received from UTRAN via L1.
Node B
New MAC entity (MAC-e) is added in Node B which handles:
HARQ retransmissions: generating ACKs/NACKs
E-DCH Scheduling: manages E-DCH cell re sources between UEs; implementation proprietary
E-DCH Control: receives scheduling requests & transmits scheduling assignments.
MAC-e PDUs de-multiplexing
S-RNC
New MAC entity (MAC-es) is added in the SRNC in order to perform:
Reordering: reorders received MAC-es PDUs according to the received TSN
Macro diversity selection: for SHO (Softer HO in Node-B); delivers received MAC-es PDUs from each Node B
of E-DCH AS; see reordering function
Disassembly: Remove MAC-es header,extract MAC-d PDUs & deliver to MAC-d
39
RN31554EN20GLA0
MAC Architecture: UE Side

MAC-es/MAC-e are handling E-DCH specific functions
Split between MAC-es & MAC-e in the UE is not detailed
comprises following entities:
H-ARQ: buffering MAC-e payloads & re-transmitting them
Multiplexing: concatenating multiple MAC-d PDUs MAC-es PDUs & multiplex
1 / multiple MAC-es PDUs 1 MAC-e PDU
E-TFC selection: Enhanced Transport Format Combination selection according to
scheduling information (Relative & Absolute Grants) received from UTRAN via L1
PCCH BCCH CCCH
MAC Control
CTCH
DCCH DTCH
DTCH
MAC-d
MAC-es/
MAC-e
MAC-hs
E-DCH
HS-DSCH
associated
DL Signalling
40
associated
UL Signalling
RN31554EN20GLA0
associated
DL Signalling
MAC-c/sh
PCH
associated
UL Signalling
FACH FACH RACH
CPCH
DSCHDSCH
DCH
DCH
MAC Architecture: UTRAN side

1 MAC-e entity in Node B for each UE &
1 E-DCH scheduler function handle HSUPA specific
functions in Node B
E-DCH Scheduling: manages E-DCH cell resources between UEs; implementation proprietary
E-DCH Control: receives scheduling requests &
transmits scheduling assignments.
De-multiplexing: de-multiplexing MAC-e PDUs
H-ARQ: generating ACKs/NACKs
MAC Control
MAC Control
PCCH
1 MAC-es entity for each UE in S-RNC
RNC
Reordering: reorders received MAC-es

PDUs according to the received TSN
Macro diversity selection: for SHO
(Softer HO in Node-B).
delivers received MAC-es PDUs from each
Node B of E-DCH AS reordering
function
Disassembly: Remove MAC-es header,
extract MAC-d
PDUs MAC
& deliver
MAC Control
Control MAC-d
MAC Control DCCH DTCH DTCH
BCCH CCCH CTCH
MAC-es
Configuration
without MAC-c/sh
MAC-e
E-DCH
associated
DL Signalling
41
associated
UL Signalling
MAC-hs
Configuration
with MAC-c/sh
HSIub
DSCH
associated
associated
DL Signalling
UL Signalling
RN31554EN20GLA0
PCH
Configuration
with MAC-c/sh
MAC-d
MAC-c/sh
FACH
RACH
CPCH
DSCH
Iur or
local
DCH DCH
HSUPA: Fast Packet Scheduling

HSUPA (Rel. 6) Fast Packet Scheduling:
Node B controlled
resources allocated on Scheduling Request
short TTI = 2 / 10 ms
Scheduling Decision on basis of actual physical layer load (available in
Node B)
up-to date / Fast scheduling decision high UL resource efficiency
higher Load Target (closer to Overload Threshold) possible
high UL resource efficiency
L1 signalling overhead
Scheduling Request
(buffer occupation,...)
S-RNC
Scheduling Grants
(max. amount of
UL resources to be used)
Iub
E-DCH
E-DCH
data
datatransmission
transmission
42
RN31554EN20GLA0
UE
HSUPA: Fast Link Adaptation

Node B
Scheduling
MAC-e (UE) decides:

E-DCH link adaptation (TFC,
effective coding)
on basis of scheduled power ratio
E-DPDCH/DPCCH
every TTI (2/10 ms)
Request
Scheduling
Grants
E-
E-DC
(T
(TTTI I= 2 DCHH
= 2/ /10
10mms)
s)
Rel.99:
99:
Rel.
Fixed
Fixed
TurboCoding
Coding1/3
1/3
Turbo
43
Rel.
Rel.66HSUPA:
HSUPA:
dynamic
Link
dynamic LinkAdaptation
Adaptation
effective
Coding
effective Coding1/4
1/4 - -4/4
4/4
higher
UL
higher ULdata
datarates
rates
higher
resource
efficiency
higher resource efficiency
RN31554EN20GLA0
UE
HSUPA: Fast H-ARQ

HSUPA: Fast H-ARQ with UL E-DCH
Node B (MAC-e) controlled

SAW* H-ARQ protocol
based on synchronous DL (L1) ACK/NACK
Retransmission strategies:
Incremental Redundancy & Chase Combining
1st Retransmission 40 / 16 ms (TTI = 10 / 2 ms)
limited number of Retransmissions*
lower probability for RLC Retransmission
Support of Soft & Softer Handover
Short delay times

Short delay times
(support
(supportofofQoS
QoSservices)
services)
less Iub/Iur traffic
less Iub/Iur traffic
Node B
E-DCH
E-DCHPackets
Packets
RNC
correctly
correctlyreceived
received
packets
packets
L1ACK/NACK
ACK/NACK
L1
Retransmission
Retransmission
Iub
MAC-e
MAC-econtrols
controlsL1
L1H-ARQ:
H-ARQ:
storing
&
retransmitting
storing & retransmittingpayload
payload
packet
combining
(IR
&
CC)
packet combining (IR & CC)
44
RN31554EN20GLA0
IR: Incremental Redundancy

CC: Chase Combining
HARQ: Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
SAW: Stop-and-Wait
* HARQ profile - max. number of
transmissions attribute
UE
HSUPA: Fast H-ARQ

HARQ protocol characteristics
Stop- & wait-HARQ is used (SAW);
HARQ based on synchronous DL ACK/NACKs
HARQ based on synchr. UL retransmissions:
There will be an upper limit to the number of retransmissions (maximum number of transmissions attribute;
TS 25.309; 11.1.1)
Pre-emption will not be supported by E-DCH (ongoing re-transmissions will not be pre-empted by higher
priority data for a particular process);
Intra Node B macro-diversity and Inter Node B macro-diversity should be supported for the E-DCH with
HARQ
Incremental redundancy shall be supported by the specifications with Chase combining as a subcase
HSUPA HARQ Error Handling:

The most frequent error cases to be handled are the following:
NACK is detected as an ACK: the UE starts a fresh with new data in the HARQ process. The previously
transmitted data block is discarded in the UE and lost. Retransmission is left up to higher layers;
ACK is detected as a NACK: if the UE retransmits the data block, the NW will re-send an ACK to the UE. If in
this case the transmitter at the UE sends the RSN set to zero, the receiver at the NW will continue to process
the data block as in the normal case
45
RN31554EN20GLA0
HSUPA: Soft Handover
SHO Gains:
full Coverage
Soft Handover:
for HSUPA
UE connected to UTRAN
via different Node Bs
Node B
UE
Node B
Iub
Softer Handover:
UE connected to cells of same
Node B (same MAC-e entity)
combining Node B internal
no extra Iub capacity needed
Sector
cells
Node B
Iub
S-RNC:
select E-DCH
data (MAC-es)
& deliver to CN
R
N
C
EDCH
AS
Iu
CN
46
RN31554EN20GLA0
Node B
Iub
Iub
E-DCH Active Set:

set of cells carrying the
E-DCH for 1 UE.
can be identical / a
subset of DCH AS
is decided by the S-RNC
R
N
C
EDCH
AS
HSUPA: Soft Handover

HSUPA: Support of Soft(er) Handover
Macro diversity is used in HSUPA, i.e. the UL data packets can be received by more than one
cell. This is important for Radio Network Planning to maximise cell ranges (SHO gains);
TS 25.309: 5: The coverage is an important aspect of the user experience and that it is desirable
to allow an operator to provide for consistency of performance across the whole cell area..
Intra Node B macro-diversity (Softer Handover) and Inter Node B macro-diversity (SHO) should
be supported for the E-DCH with HARQ.
E-DCH active set: The set of cells which carry the E-DCH for one UE. It can be identical or a
subset of the DCH active set. The E-DCH active set is decided by the S-RNC
47
RN31554EN20GLA0
HSUPA: Power Control = Fast Power Control (R. 99)

TS 25.14;
5.1.2
DPCCH
Always transmitted
EE-D
-DPPD
DCCH
H(s(s)
E-D
)
DDP
PC
D
PDC
CH
CHH(s
UL
(s) )
DP
DL
C
CH
DP
CC
H
Inner-Loop Power Control!

Setting of E-DPCCH & E-DPDCH
power relative to DPCCH power
PtxUE < min [Ptx,maxUE; max
Ptx,cell*]
UE
UL DCH max configurations for Rel 99, HSDPA & HSUPA
Configuration #i
DPDCH
HS-DPCCH
E-DPDCH
E-DPCCH
Taken from specification TS 25.213;4.2.1

48
RN31554EN20GLA0
HSUPA Power Control

Power Management/Control for E-DCH
No special power management/control mechanism is needed for E-DCH.
Power Control: DPDCH & DPCCH
The initial UL DPCCH transmit power is set by higher layers. Subsequently the UL transmit power
control procedure simultaneously controls the power of a DPCCH & its corresponding DPDCHs (if
present). The relative transmit power offset between DPCCH & DPDCHs is determined by the network
and is computed using the gain factors signalled to the UE using higher layer signalling.
The operation of the inner power control loop, adjusts the power of the DPCCH & DPDCHs by the
same amount, provided there are no changes in gain factors. ...
Setting of the UL E-DPCCH and E-DPDCH powers relative to DPCCH power.
The power of the E-DPCCH and the E-DPDCH(s) is set in relation to the DPCCH. For this purpose,
gain factors are used for scaling the UL channels relative to each other.
During the operation of the UL power control procedure the UE transmit power shall not exceed a
max. allowed value which is the lower out of the max. output power of the terminal power class and a
value which may be set by higher layer signalling.
UL power control shall be performed while the UE transmit power is below the max. allowed output
power.
49
RN31554EN20GLA0

HSPA Principle
HSUPA Principles
50
RN31554EN20GLA0
Overview
Scheduling Request
Scheduling information (MAC-e on E-DPDCH) or happy bit (E-DPCCH)
E-AGCH
E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel

E-RNTI & max. power ratio E-DPDCH/DPCCH (Absolute Grant)
Scheduling
Grants
E-RGCH
E-DCH Relative Grant Channel

UP / HOLD / DOWN (Relative Grant)
E-DPCCH
E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel

L1 control: E-TFCI, RSN, happy bit
E-DPDCH
E-DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel

User data & CRC
Node B
E-HICH
E-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel
ACK/NACK
51
RN31554EN20GLA0
RSN: Re-transmission sequence number
UE
E-DPDCH & E-DPCCH

cd,1
New in Rel. 6 for HSUPA:

E-DPDCH & E-DPCCH
Rel. `99
DPDCH1
cd,3
DPDCH3
cd,5
E-DPDCH:
used to carry the E-DCH transport channel.
There may be 0, 1, 2 or 4 E-DPDCH on each
radio link.
DPDCH5
E-DPCCH:
I+jQ
cd,2
cd,4
cd,6
used to transmit control information associated

with the E-DCH.
Sdpch
DPDCH2
Maximum number of simultaneous UL DCHs
DPDCH4
DPDCH6
cc
DPCCH
52
RN31554EN20GLA0
Configuration
#
DPDCH
HSDPCCH
EEDPDCH DPCCH
E-DPDCH : SF-Variation & Multi-Code Operation

SF = 1
SF = 4
SF = 2
SF = 8
SF = 64
CC64,0
CC64,1
CC64,2
CC4,0 = (1,1,1,1)
CC2,0 = (1,1)
CC4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
CC1,0 = (1)
CC4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
CC2,1 = (1,-1)
CC4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
E-DPDCHk
E-DPDCH1
CC64,62 0
CC64,63
E-DPDCH2
E-DPDCH3
E-DPDCH: SF = 256 - 2
SF = 2 1920 kbit/s
E-DPDCH1
up to 2 x SF2 + 2 x SF4
up to 5.76 Mbps
NDPDCH
E-DPDCH4
Multi-Code operation:
53
RN31554EN20GLA0
E-DPDCH2
CCSF,k
CCSF,SF/4 if SF 4
CC2,1 if SF = 2
CC4,1 if SF = 4
CC2,1 if SF = 2
CC4,1
CCSF,SF/2
CC4,2 if SF = 4
CC2,1 if SF = 2
E-DPDCH
carries UL packet data
up to 4 E-DPDCHs for 1 RL
Max. configuration according 3GPP / RU20*: 2 * SF2 + 2 * SF4
54
SF = 256 2 (BPSK-like)
Pure user data & CRC (1 CRC per TTI, size 24 bit)
TTI = 2 / 10 ms (at cell edge 10 ms required for sufficient performance)
UE receives resource allocation via grant channels
managed by MAC-e/-es
Error protection based on turbo coding 1/3
Soft / softer handover support
RN31554EN20GLA0
* RU10: 2 * SF2
E-DPDCH & E-DPCCH frame structure and content

E-DPDCH: Data only (+ 1 CRC/TTI);
SF = 256 2; Rchannel = 15 1920 kbps
Ndata = 10 x 2k+2 bit (K = 0..5)
E-DPCCH: L1 control data;
SF = 256;
10 bit
1 Slot = 2560 chip = 2/3 ms
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #2
Slot #14
Slot #i
1 subframe = 2 ms
1 radio frame, Tframe = 10 ms
55
E-DPCCH content:
SF
Channel Bit
Rate [kbps]
Bit/
Frame
Bit/
Subframe
Bit/Slot
Ndata
E-TFCI information (7 bit)

indicates E-DCH Transport Block Size; i.e. at given TTI
(TS 25.321; Annex B)
Retransmission Sequence Number RSN (2 bit)
Value = 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 for:
Initial Transmission, 1st / 2nd / further Retransmission
Happy" bit (1 bit)
indicating if UE could use more resources or not
Happy
1
Not happy 0
64
60
600
120
40
32
120
1200
240
80
16
240
2400
480
160
480
4800
960
320
960
9600
1920
640
1920
19200
3840
1280
RN31554EN20GLA0
E-DPCCH
E-TFCI (7 bit): E-DCH Transport Block Size i.e. Coding at given TTI
RSN: Retransmission Sequence Number RSN (2 bit)
Value = 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 for initial transmission, 1st / 2nd / further retransmission
Happy bit (1 bit): indicats if UE needs more resources or not: = 1, = 0
These 10 bits are channel coded to generate 30 bits per 2 ms sub-frame

2 ms TTI => the 30 bits are transmitted once during the 2 ms
10 ms TTI => the 30 bits are repeated 5 times during the 10 ms
Happy bit
Forms input for MAC-e scheduler in Node B

Included as part of E-DPCCH
Happy bit delay condition
Happy bit delay condition for E-DCH

RNC; 2, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 ms; 50 ms
Defines time over which to evaluate the current serving grant relative to total buffer status
Happy bit set to unhappy if all 3 following conditions true:

1.
2.
3.
56
HappyBitDelayConditionEDCH
UE transmitting as much scheduled data as allowed by current Serving Grant

UE has sufficient power to transmit at higher data rate
with current Serving Grant, UE would need at least the following time to transmit the total amount of data in its buffer:
HappyBitDelayConditionEDCH
RN31554EN20GLA0
HSUPA DL physical channels

E-AGCH
E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel
carries DL absolute grants for UL E-DCH
contains: UE-Identity (E-RNTI) & max. UE power ratio
E-DCH absolute grant transmitted over 1 TTI (2/10 ms)
SF = 256 (30 kbps; 20 bit/Slot)
-AGC
EE-A
GCHH
-RGC
EE-R
GCHH
NodeB
EE--DDPPD
DCCHH
E-RGCH
UE
E-DCH Relative Grant Channel

carries DL relative grants for UL E-DCH;
complementary to E-AGCH
contains: relative Grants (UP, HOLD, DOWN) &
UE-Identity
E-DCH relative grant transmitted 1 TTI (2/10 ms)
E-DCH transmission:
after E-AGCH
after E-RGCH
Non-scheduled transmission
E-DCH Radio Network Temporary Identifier:
allocated by S-RNC for E-DCH user per Cell
57
RN31554EN20GLA0
E-AGCH
Transfers a total of 6 bits per 2 ms sub-frame
Absolute Grant value (5 bits)
signals transmit power allowed for E-DPDCH relative
to DPCCH
Absolute Grant scope (1 bit) - only applicable to 2 ms TTI
indicates whether grant applies to single HARQ
process or to all HARQ processes
Transfers E-RNTI (16 bit)

Transmitted only by Serving HSUPA cell
SF 256 used
2 ms TTI 60 coded bits occupy TTI
10 ms TTI 60 coded bits repeated 5 times to occupy
TTI
58
RN31554EN20GLA0
E-RGCH
transfers Relative Grant value
can be transmitted by any active HSUPA cell
Cells belonging to Serving Radio Link set may
command Up, Down & Hold
other cells only able to command Down & Hold
RG value
RG value
(Serving E-DCH RLS)
(other Radio Links)
UP
+1
Not allowed
HOLD
DOWN
-1
Command
SF 128 used
E-RGCH can occupy
59
2 ms TTI and serving radio link set occupies 2 ms

Non serving radio link set occupies 10 ms
Channelization code
For specific UE, channelization code used for E-RGCH &
E-HICH shall be the same
40 orthogonal signatures defined to allow multiple UEs to
share same channelization code
RN31554EN20GLA0
Serving / Non-Serving Radio Link Set RLS cells

Serving E-DCH RLS cells
E-DCH
Serving E-DCH cell
defined by Serving HSDPA cell
transmits Absolute Grant on E-AGCH
Iub
Iu
60
RN31554EN20GLA0
Transmit same Relative Grant on E-RGCH

Allowed UP, HOLD, DOWN
Non-serving RLS cells
(under different Node B)
transmit relative grants on E-RGCH

Allowed HOLD, DOWN
Iub
RNC
(under same Node B)
DOWN = overload indication

HOLD = dont care
E-HICH
EE--DDPPD
DCCHH
-HIC
EE-H
IC H (
NodeB
H (AACCK/
K/NNAACK
CK) )
EE--DDPPDC
DCHH (R
(Ree--ttra
rannssmi
missssio
ionn))
E-HICH
E-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel
carries H-ARQ acknowledgement indicator for UL E-DCH
contains ACK/NACK (+1; -1) & UE-Identity
E-DCH relative grant transmitted 1 TTI (2/10 ms)
61
RN31554EN20GLA0
UE
E-HICH
transfers E-DCH HARQ acknowledgements (ACK/NACK)
transmitted by all Active Set cells
UE continues to re-transmit until ACK received from at least
one cell (or until re-transmission time out)
SF 128 used
Acknowledgement
indicator
ACK
+1
NACK *
NACK#
-1
E-HICH can occupy

62
Channelization code
For specific UE, same channelization code used as for ERGCH
40 orthogonal signatures defined to allow multiple UEs to
share same channelization code
RN31554EN20GLA0
H-ARQ
Command
NACK*: RLS not containing the Serving E-DCH cell

NACK#: RLS containing the Serving E-DCH cell
Dynamic E-RGCH/E-HICH code allocation
RU20
(Managing DL Code Resources)

for E-DCH operation 2 signatures are needed for a single UE
1 signature for coding of E-RGCH
1 signature for coding of E-HICH
Note: Both channels make use of same physical channel structure
RNC checks cyclically

number of allocated signatures
& adapts number of codes for ERGCH/E-HICH (if required)
max. 40 signatures available with 1 DL channelisation code

each running on SF128
max. number of HS-SCCH per cell increased to 4

RAS06 & RU10 : 3 HS-SCCHs supported
,0
Signature Reconfiguration
supported also to avoid
risk of fragmentation
of DL codes
S-CCPCH
E-RGCH
HS-SCCH
H
IC PCH H
P
H
C
AIC PIC
P- P-CC
63
RN31554EN20GLA0
depending on
FACH / PCH
configuration
E-HICH
m s 2m s
O
H
10
IM
H
M
H
PC
C
C
D
H
G
F
IC
AG E-A
ECP
S
DPDCH, DPCCH & HS-DPCCH / Summary

DPDCH
for Voice & SRB if CS Voice over HSPA not used

3.4 kbps SRB uses SF128
DPCCH
E-RGCH
Relative Grant: UP / HOLD / DOWN
for TPC, TFCI & pilot bits,

if CPC not enabled
HS-DPCCH
E-AGCH
Absolute Grant
E-DPCCH
L1 control: E-TFCI, RSN, happy bit
for HSDPA CQI & ACK/NACK
E-DPDCH
User data & CRC
E-HICH
Node B
ACK/NACK
HS-DPCCH
ACK/NACK & CQI
a-DCH (DPDCH & DPCCH)
64
RN31554EN20GLA0
UE

HSPA Principle
HSUPA Principles
64QAM
MIMO
Dual-Cell HSDPA
Flexible RLC
CPC
CS Voice over HSPA
65
RN31554EN20GLA0
64QAM: RAN 1643 (1/2)
HSDPA64QAMAllowed
Modulation
Modulation Coding
Codingrate
rate 15
15codes
codes

QPSK
QPSK
64QAM
6 bits/symbol
16QAM
16QAM
66
DL peak rate up to 21.1 Mbps

UE categories 13,14,17 & 18
supported
optional feature for UE
64QAM
64QAM
HSDSCH
category
max. HSDSCH
Codes
min. *
Inter-TTI
interval
13
15
14
15
17
18
MIMO
support
Peak
Rate
QPSK/16QAM
/ 64QAM
No
17.4 Mbps
QPSK/16QAM
/ 64QAM
No
21.1 Mbps
15
Dual-Stream MIMO
17.4 or 23.4
Mbps
15
Dual-Stream MIMO
21.1 or 28
Mbps
RN31554EN20GLA0
Modulation
1/4
1/4
1.8 Mbps
1.8 Mbps
2/4
2/4
3.6
3.6Mbps
Mbps
3/4
3/4
5.4
5.4Mbps
Mbps
2/4
2/4
7.2
7.2Mbps
Mbps
3/4
3/4
10.8
10.8Mbps
Mbps
4/4
4/4
14.4
14.4Mbps
Mbps
3/4
3/4
16.2
16.2Mbps
Mbps
5/6
5/6
18.0
18.0Mbps
Mbps
4/4
4/4
21.6 Mbps
21.6 Mbps
64QAM (2/2) : Channel Quality Requirements
good channel conditions required to apply / take benefit of 64QAM CQI 26 !
1/6
64QAM requires 6 dB higher SNR than 16QAM

average CQI typically 20 in the commercial networks
1/4
2/4
3/4
QPSK
no gain from 64QAM
0 Mbps
67
UE
2/4
3/4
5/6 4/4
CQI > 15
CQI > 25
16QAM
64QAM
some gain from

64QAM
10 Mbps
RN31554EN20GLA0
3/4
2/4
only available with

64QAM
14 Mbps
21 Mbps
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output MIMO Principle (1/3)

Signal from jth Tx antenna
Sj
t1
u
p
In
Input
Input 2
Inp
ut
T1
R1
T2
R2
Tm
MxN
MIMO
system
MIMO: Multiple-Input Multiple Output

M transmit antennas, N receive antennas from MxN MIMO system
huge data stream (input) distributed toward m spatial distributed
antennas; m parallel bit streams (Input 1..m)
Spatial Multiplexing generate parallel virtual data pipes
using Multipath effects instead of mitigating them
68
RN31554EN20GLA0
Rn
MIMO
Processor
Output
MIMO Principle (2/3)

Signal from jth Tx antenna
Sj
t1
u
p
In
Signal at ith Rx antenna
h1,1
T1
hn,1
h2,1
h1,m
h1,2
R1
Yi
MIMO
h2,2
Input
Inp
ut
hn,2
T2
Input 2
MxN
h1,2
h1,m
h2,1
h2,2
h2,m
hn,1
hn,2
hn,m
Receiver learns Channel Matrix H

inverted Matrix H-1 used for recalculation
of original input data streams 1..m
m
yi hi , j s j ni
j 1
69
RN31554EN20GLA0
Output
Rn
MIMO
h1,1
R2
hn,m
Tm
H=
h2,m
P
r
o
c
e
s
s
o
r
ni: Noise at receiver
MIMO (3/3)
MIMOEnabled
RU20 (3GPP Rel. 7) introduces 2x2 MIMO with 2-Tx/2-Rx
Double Transmit on BTS side (D-TxAA), 2 receive antennas on UE side

System can operate in dual stream (MIMO) or single (SISO, non-MIMO) mode
MIMO 2x2 enables 28 Mbps peak data rate in HSDPA
WBTS: 2 Txantennas
28 Mbps peak rate in combination with 16QAM

64QAM: no simultaneous support of 64QAM & MIMO (not yet)
Dual-Cell HSDPA: not possible to enable MIMO & DC-HSDPA in a cell in parallel
1
m
a
2
stre
m
a
t
a
a
D
tre
s
a
t
Da
MIMO increases single user peak data rate, overall cell capacity &
average cell throughput
UE categories for MIMO support: Cat. 15, 16, 17 & 18
UE: 2 Rxantennas
70
HSDSCH
category
max. HSDSCH
Codes
min. *
Inter-TTI
interval
Modulation
MIMO
support
Peak
Rate
15
15
QPSK/16QAM
Yes
23.4 Mbps
16
15
QPSK/16QAM
Yes
28 Mbps
17
15
Dual-Stream MIMO
17.4 or 23.4
Mbps
18
15
Dual-Stream MIMO
21.1 or 28
Mbps
RN31554EN20GLA0
DC-HSDPA (1/3): Principles
prior to 3GPP Release 8, HSDPA channel bandwidths are limited to 5 MHz

Dual-Cell HSDPA: 3GPP Rel. 8 allows 2 adjacent channels to be combined
effective HSDPA channel bandwidth of 10 MHz (RU20 feature)
3GPP Rel. 8: Dual Cell HSDPA can be combined with 64QAM but not with MIMO
(Release 9 allows combination with both, 64QAM & MIMO)
42 Mbps HSDPA peak rate
DCellHSDPAEnabled
Basic Approach
Dual Cell Approach
2 UE, each using 5 MHz RF Channel

Peak Connection Throughput = 28 Mbps
5 MHz
5 MHz
F1
F2
MIMO (28 Mbps), or

64QAM (21 Mbps)
71
RN31554EN20GLA0
1 UE, using 2 5 MHz RF Channels

Peak Connection Throughput = 42 Mbps
10 MHz
F1
F2
DC-HSDPA & 64QAM

(42 Mbps)
DC-HSDPA (2/3): Principles
DC-HSDPA provides greater flexibility to the HSDPA Scheduler, i.e. the scheduler can allocated
resources in the frequency domain as well as in the code and time domains
Gains of DC-HSDPA:
1
er F
i
r
r
z ca
H
5M
r F2
e
i
r
r
z ca
H
5M
Channel conditions good

on both RF carriers

on RF carrier 1
F2
F1
UE1
72
1) Improved Load Balancing

2) Frequency Selectivity
3) Reduction of Latency
4) Higher Peak Data Rates
5) Improved Cell Edge
User Experienced
F1
UE1
RN31554EN20GLA0
F2
UEx

on RF carrier 2
F1
UEx
F2
UE1
DC-HSDPA (3/3): UE Cat & Requirements
RU20 (3GPP Rel. 8) introduces DC-HSDPA
DC-HSDPA & 64QAM enable 42 Mbps peak rates in HSDPA
UE categories for MIMO support: Cat. 21, 22, 23 & 24

HS- DSCH
category
max. HSDSCH
Codes
Modulation
MIMO
support
Peak
Rate
21
15
QPSK/16QAM
No
23.4 Mbps
22
15
QPSK/16QAM
No
28 Mbps
23
15
QPSK/16QAM/64
QAM
No
35.3 Mbps
24
15
QPSK/16QAM/64
QAM
No
42.2 Mbps
* at least 1 of the RF carriers

73
RN31554EN20GLA0
Flexible RLC (DL) (1/2)
included in RU20 basic software package no license needed

HW Prerequisites: Flexi Rel2, UltraSite with EUBB
Flexible RLC used, if:
Cell Flexible RLC capable & enabled
UE supports Flexible RLC
AM RLC is used
HS-DSCH & E-DCH selected as transport channels
Dynamic Resource Allocation enabled
prior Rel. 7
PDCP
segmentation
IP packet (max. 1500 byte)
RLC PDU: 336 bit or 656 bit

16 bit RLC Header 4.8% or 2.4% Overhead
concatenation
74
TBS (depending on scheduling)
RN31554EN20GLA0

no segmentation
MAC-hs
RNC; 0 (Disabled), 1 (Enabled)
Rel. 7 Flexible RLC
RLC
FRLCEnabled
AM: Acknowledged Mode
adapts RLC-PDU size to

actual size of higher layer data unit
segmentation
DL Flexible RLC (2/2)

Advantages
Major improvements with DL Flexible RLC

less processing in RNC & UE
higher end user application throughput
lower latency for packet access
Significantly lower Overhead
Much less padding bits
Lower risk for RLC stalling because of too small transmission windows
Overhead
IP packet size [byte]

75
RN31554EN20GLA0
CPC: Continuous Packet Connectivity (1/2)

Discontinuous UL DPCCH Transmission & Reception during UE UL traffic inactivity
(UL DPCCH gating + DRX at BTS)
CQI reporting reduction (switched from periodical to synchronized with DPCCH burst)
Stopping E-DPCCH detection at NodeB during DPCCH inactivity
Discontinuous DL Reception (DRX at UE)

Stop receiving HS-SCCH, E-AGCH & E-RGCH when not needed
Faster response times

Increased number of low activity packet users in CELL_DCH state
Motivation and Benefits:
Increased capacity for low data rate applications

Longer battery life
CPC Sub-features:
UL DPCCH Gating (UL DTX)
CQI Reporting reduction
Discontinuous UL Reception (MAC DTX)
Discontinuous DL Reception (DL DRX)
76
RN31554EN20GLA0
CPCEnabled
RNC; 0 (Disabled),
1 (Enabled)
Continuous Packet Connectivity CPC (2/2)

Concept of UL Discontinuous Transmission UL Gating
UL Gating (UL DTX): reduces UL control channel (DPCCH) overhead

no data to sent on E-DPDCH or HS-DPCCH UE switchs off UL DPCCH
DPCCH Gating is precondition for other 3 sub-features
Rel99 Service
DPDCH
Voice (20ms)
DPCCH
Rel6 Voice 2ms

(Rel6 VoIP)
Rel7 Voice 2ms
(Rel7 VoIP)
UL DPCCH Gating
77
E-DPDCH
DPCCH
E-DPDCH
DPCCH
RN31554EN20GLA0
CS Voice Over HSPA (1/2)

Requirements
Network:
optional UTRAN feature (RAN1689)
ON-OFF RNC Long Term License
UE:
must support CSvoiceOverHSPA
optional feature in Rel. 7/8
HSDPA Dynamic Resource Allocation

QoS Aware HSPA Scheduling
CPC; Flexible RLC
F-DPCH
HSDPA with Simultaneous AMR Voice
HSUPA with Simultaneous AMR Voice
SRB must be mapped to HSPA
supported RAB combinations:
78
Load based AMR selection algorithm not used

while CS Voice is mapped on HSPA
RN31554EN20GLA0
RNC; 0..15; 1; 14 for CS Voice over HSPA

Priority must be lower than SRB (15)
Priority must be higher than Streaming 13)
HSDSC
E-D
C
Speech CS RAB
Speech CS RAB + PS streaming PS RAB
Speech CS RAB + 1...3 IA/BG PS RABs
Speech CS RAB + PS Streaming PS RAB + 1...3
IA/BG PS RABs
RNC; 0..4*; 1; 0 = disabled

0 = QoS prioritization is not in use for HS transport
1 = QoS prioritization is used for HS NRT channels
2 = HSPA streaming is in use
3 = HSPA CS voice is in use
4 = HSPA streaming & CS voice are in use
QoSPriorityMapping
required Network Features:
HSPAQoSEnabled
BG: Background
IA: Interactive
for Voice, SRB

& other services
Codecs supported for CS Voice Over HSPA:
AMR (12.2, 7.95, 5.9, 4.75), (5.9, 4.75) & (12.2)
AMR-WB (12.65, 8.85, 6.6)
* if HSPA streaming or CS voice is activated, then QoS

prioritization for NRT HSPA connections is in use, too
CS Voice Over HSPA (2/2)

Efficiency
Two different voice transmission scenarios are being considered with IP:
VoIP UE connects with network as in standard Packed Data transmission and by using web
communicators a connection can be established
(hard to establish appropriate charging schemes)
CS voice over IP voice is being carried by HSPA transport channels transparent for the user
Assumed IP
Header
Compression
79
RN31554EN20GLA0
References
For this course module, following 3GPP specifications were used:
TS 25.306 V5 V8: UE Radio Access capabilities

TS 25.308 V8, High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA); Overall description
TS 25.309 V8, FDD Enhanced UL (HUSPA); Overall description
TS 25.321 V8, Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification
TS 25.331 V8, Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol specification
TS 25.402 V8, Synchronization in UTRAN Stage 2
TS 25.433 V8, UTRAN Iub interface Node B Application Part (NBAP) signalling
NSN WCDMA Product documentation
80
RN31554EN20GLA0

03 - RN31553EN20GLA0 - The Physical Layer - HSPA - v2

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03 - RN31553EN20GLA0 - The Physical Layer - HSPA - v2

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Nokia Siemens Networks

At the end of the module you will be able to:

Nokia Siemens Networks

The Physical Layer HSDPA, HSUPA & HSPA+

Nokia Siemens Networks

High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) based on:

Fast Packet Scheduling

Nokia Siemens Networks

* TTI = 1 Subframe = 3 Slots = 2 ms

Adaptive Modulation & Coding (1/2)

Nokia Siemens Networks

Adaptive Modulation & Coding (2/2)

Nokia Siemens Networks

Multi Code Operation (1/3)

Nokia Siemens Networks

Multi Code Operation (2/3)

RAS06: max. 15 Codes,

Nokia Siemens Networks

Multi Code Operation (3/3): HSDPA UE capability classes

WCEL; 0 (Disabled), 1 (Enabled)

Nokia Siemens Networks

Network Modifications for HSDPA

UTRAN & UE:

faster retransmission / reduced delays !

modified PHY layer

modified MAC: MAC-(e)hs

Fast Packet Scheduling

fast & efficient resource allocation !

Fast Link Adaptation

Adaptive Modulation & Coding !

Nokia Siemens Networks

modified transport and

HSDPA Protocol Model: MAC-(e)hs

Nokia Siemens Networks

(e)hs: (enhanced) high speed

Concepts of MAC Layer, MAC-hs & MAC-ehs

MAC entities on network side distributed between RNC and Node B

Tasks of MAC-hs within the UE

Header & payload

Nokia Siemens Networks

HSDPA: MAC-hs & HS-DSCH

There is one MAC-c/sh entity in the UTRAN for each cell

Nokia Siemens Networks

Fast Link Adaptation in HSDPA

C/I varies with

Nokia Siemens Networks

BTS adjusts link adaptation mode

Nokia Siemens Networks

Fast Packet Scheduling (1/2)

* Type of scheduler set by HSDPA.BB.Resource.Allocation

Nokia Siemens Networks

User at cell edge served as frequently as

doesnt account for UEs channel conditions

if no data have to be transferred to certain

Fast Packet Scheduling (2/2)

Improved total throughput in cell compared to RR

Sub-frames assigned according scheduling metric

Nokia Siemens Networks

The Physical Layer HSDPA, HSUPA & HSPA+

Nokia Siemens Networks

Physical Channel Overview