RECENT

ADVANCEMENT
OF TYRES
ACTIVE LEARNING LAB PROJECT
SUBMITTED BY:-
CHANDAN KUMAR PANDEY
DEEPANJAN DAS
DAVID ROSHAN
Chronology

 1843 – Charles Goodyear announces vulcanization

 1846 – Robert William Thomson invented and patented the pneumatic tire
 1888 – First commercial pneumatic bicycle tire produced by Dunlop
 1889 – John Boyd Dunlop patented the pneumatic tire in the UK
 1890 – Dunlop, and William Harvey Du Cros began production of pneumatic tires in Ireland
 1890 – Bartlett Clincher rim introduced
 1891 – Dunlop's patent invalidated in favor of Thomson’s patent
 1892 – Beaded edge tires introduced in the U.S.
 1894 – E.J. Pennington invents the first balloon tire
 1895 – Michelin introduced pneumatic automobile tires
 1898 – Schrader valve stem patented
 1900 – Cord Tires introduced by Palmer (England) and BFGoodrich (U.S.)
 1903 – Goodyear Tire Company patented the first tubeless tire, however it was not introduced until 1954
 1904 – Goodyear and Firestone started producing cord reinforced tires
 1904 – Mountable rims were introduced that allowed drivers to fix their own flats
 1906 – First pneumatic aircraft tire
 1908 – Frank Seiberling invented grooved tires with improved road traction
 1910 – BFGoodrich Company invented longer life tires by adding carbon black to the rubber
 1919 – Goodyear and Dunlop announced pneumatic truck tires[2]
 1938 – Goodyear introduced the rayon cord tire
 1940 – BFGoodrich introduced the first commercial synthetic rubber tire
 1946 – Michelin introduced the radial tire
 1947 – Goodyear introduced first nylon tires
 1947 – BFGoodrich introduced the tubeless tire
 1963 – Use of polyester cord introduced by Goodyear
 1965 – Armstrong Rubber introduced the bias belted fiberglass tire
 1965 – BFGoodrich offered the first radial available in North America
 1967 – Poly/glass tires introduced by Firestone and Goodyear
 1968 – United States Department of Transportation (DOT) numbers required on new tires in USA
 1974 – Pirelli introduced the wide radial tire
 TYRE
 Tires, or tyres are ring-
shaped parts, either
pneumatic or solid
(including rubber, metals
and plastic composites),
that fit around wheels to
protect them and enhance
their function.
Pneumatic automobile tire
 An automobile tire
failure showing a steel
ply
 Tires, or tyres are ring-
shaped parts, either
pneumatic or solid that
fit around wheels to
protect them and enhance
their function.
Uses Of Pneumatic Tire
 Pneumatic tires are used on many types of vehicles, such as bicycles,
motorcycles, cars, trucks, earthmovers, and aircraft. Tires enable better vehicle
performance by providing traction and load support. Tires form a flexible
cushion between the vehicle and the road, which smooths out shock and
makes for a more comfortable ride while keeping the wheel in more constant
contact with the road.
 The earliest tires were bands of iron (later steel), placed on wooden wheels,
used on carts and wagons. The tire would be heated in a forge fire, placed over
the wheel and quenched, causing the metal to contract and fit tightly on the
wheel. A skilled worker, known as a wheelwright, carried out this work. The
outer ring served to "attire" the wheel for use, providing a wear-resistant
surface to the perimeter of the wheel. The word "tire" thus emerged as a
variant spelling to refer to the metal bands used to dress wheels.
Passenger and light truck types

 High performance
 High performance tires are designed for use at higher speeds, and more often,
a more "sporty" driving style.
 They feature a softer rubber compound for improved traction, especially on
high speed cornering.
 The trade off of this softer rubber is shorter tread life.
 High performance street tires sometimes sacrifice wet weather handling by
having shallower water channels to provide more actual rubber tread surface
area for dry weather performance.
 The ability to provide a high level of performance on both wet and dry
pavement varies widely among manufacturers, and even among tire models of
the same manufacturer.
 This is an area of active research and development, as well as marketing.
Mud and Snow

 Mud and Snow, (or M+S, or M&S), is a

classification for specific winter tires designed to
provide improved performance under low
temperature conditions, compared to all-season
tires.
 The tread compound is usually softer than that used
in tires for summer conditions, thus providing
better grip on ice and snow, but wears more
quickly at higher temperatures.
 Tires may have well above average numbers of
sipes in the tread pattern to grip the ice.
 Dedicated winter tires will bear the
"Mountain/Snowflake Pictograph" if designated as
a winter/snow tire by the American Society for
Testing & Materials.
 Winter tires will typically also carry the
designation MS, M&S, or the words MUD AND
SNOW (but see All-season tires, side).
Off-the-road (OTR)

 OTR tires being transported

 The OTR tire classification includes tires for construction
vehicles such as wheel loaders, backhoes, graders,
trenchers, and the like; as well as large mining trucks.
 OTR tires can be of either bias or radial construction
although the industry is trending toward increasing use of
radial. Bias OTR tires are built with a large number of
reinforcing plies to withstand severe service conditions and
high loads.
 Dramatically increasing commodity prices has led to
shortages of new tires. As a consequence, multi-million
dollar trucks can be idled for lack of tires, costing mines
millions of dollars in lost productivity.
 This has led to a stronger effort to recycle old OTR tires.
As of 2008, a new OTR tire can cost up to $50,000; retread
tires are sold at half the price of new tires, and last 80% as
long.Retreading an OTR tire is labor intensive.
 First, the retreading technician must place the old tire in a
buffing machine to remove what remains of the old tread;
"skiving" follows this, which is the removal, by hand, of
material the buffing misses.
 Next, the technician must inspect the tire, repairing defects.
 Lastly, the technician fills holes in the tire with rubber,
applies a cement gum adhesive, and places the tire on a
machine which will apply a new tread.
Racing

 NASCAR tires
 Racing tires are highly specialized according to
vehicle and race track conditions.
 This classification includes tires for top-fuel
dragsters, drift racers, extreme off-road racing,
oval-track racers, jet-powered trucks, and monster
trucks - as well as the large-market race tires for
Formula One, NASCAR, rallying, MotoGP and the
like.
 Tires are specially engineered for specific race
tracks according to surface conditions, cornering
loads, and track temperature. Tires also have been
specially engineered for "drifting" in which
vehicles engage in exaggerated skids and slides.
Racing tires often are engineered to minimum
weight targets, so tires for a 500 mile race may run
only 100 miles before a tire change. Some tire
makers invest heavily in race tire development as
part of the company's marketing strategy and a
means of advertising to attract customers with
racing dreams.
 Racing tires often are not legal for normal highway
use.
Industrial

 Airless tire
 The Industrial tire
classification is a bit of a
catch-all category and
includes pneumatic and non-
pneumatic tires for specialty
industrial and construction
equipment such as
skid loaders and fork lift
trucks.
Bicycle

 A Cheng Shin brand bicycle

tire in the style of a
cruiser bicycle
 This classification includes all
forms of bicycle tires,
including road racing tires,
mountain bike tires, snow
tires, and tubular tires.
Aircraft

 Changing a tire on a P-3C Orion

aircraft
 Aircraft tires are designed to withstand
extremely heavy loads for short durations.
 The number of tires required for aircraft
increases with the weight of the plane
(because the weight of the airplane is
distributed better).
 Aircraft tire tread patterns are designed to
facilitate stability in high crosswind
conditions, to channel water away to
prevent hydroplaning, and for braking
effect.
 Aircraft tires are usually inflated with
nitrogen or helium in order to minimize
expansion and contraction from extreme
changes in ambient temperature and
pressure experienced during flight.
 Dry nitrogen expands at the same rate as
other dry atmospheric gases, but common
compressed air sources may contain
moisture, which increases the expansion
rate with temperature. Aircraft tires
generally operate at high pressures, up to
200 psi (13.8 bar) for airliners, and even
Safety

 Penny Test - test for safe

tread depth
 A US penny can be used to check tire
tread to see if it is down to 1/16 or
2/32 of an inch.
 Take a penny and put Lincoln's head
into one of the grooves of the tire
tread.
 If part of his head is covered by the
tread, you are driving with the legal
amount of tread.
 If you can see all of Lincoln's head, it
is time to replace the tire.
 LATEST MATERIALS USED IN TYRE
MANUFACTURING
 In order to support and meet this demand, an all around development has taken
place on the material front too, be it an elastomer elastomer (ĭlăs`təmər), substance
having to some extent the elastic properties of natural rubber. The term is
sometimes used technically to distinguish synthetic rubbers and rubberlike plastics
from natural rubber. ; new generation nano-filler; surface modified or plasma
treated filler; reinforcing materials like aramid Aramid fibers are a class of heat-
resistant and strong synthetic fibers. They are used in aerospace and military
applications, for ballistic rated body armor fabric, and as an asbestos substitute.
The name is a shortened form of "aromatic polyamide". , polyethylene naphthalate
This article is about the polymer. For other uses of the acronym, see PEN.
Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) is a polyester with good barrier properties (unlike
Polyethylene terephthalate).  (PEN) and carbon fiber; nitrosamine-free
vulcanization vulcanization (vŭl'kənəzā`shən), treatment of rubber to give it certain
qualities, e.g., strength, elasticity, and resistance to solvents, and to render it
impervious to moderate heat and cold.  and vulcanizing agents; antioxidants
Antioxidants
Substances that reduce the damage of the highly reactive free radicals that are the
byproducts of the cel
 Antioxidants.
 POLYMERS AND
 Today,ELASTOMERS
there is a worldwide huge crunch for natural rubber, and the rapidly
rising NR prices are a major concern for all tire manufacturers. The worldwide
shortage of NR is arising mainly due to production cuts in Malaysia and
shifting plantations more towards palm oil, the growing usage of NR in radial
tires and an increasing demand in China. In the future, usage of more
synthetic rubber synthetic rubber: see rubber.  and the partial replacement of
NR by synthetic polyisoprene is expected to rise. Even though natural rubber is
traded above $2 per kg, it is still the first choice for radial truck tire
manufacturers because of its excellent physical and mechanical properties, and
better adhesion to steel cord..
A colorless oily liquid from which polystyrenes, plastics, and synthetic rubber
are produced. Also called vinylbenzene.  butadiene rubber (SBR SBR - Spectral
Band Replication ) possesses the greatest balance of functional qualities in the
widest range of applications. Today, solution SBR is widely replacing emulsion
SBR in passenger radial tires. Solution SBR is prepared by
solution polymerization Solution polymerization is a method of industrial
polymerization. In this procedure, a monomer is dissolved in a non-reactive
solvent that contains a catalyst. The heat released by the reaction is absorbed
by the solvent, and so the reaction rate is reduced.  using Ziegler-Natta catalyst
 A Ziegler-Natta catalyst is a reagent or a mixture of reagents
used in the production of polymers of 1-alkenes (α-olefins).
Ziegler-Natta catalysts are typically based on titanium
compounds and organometallic aluminium compounds, for
example triethylaluminium, (C2 . Solution SBR has no organic
fatty acid fatty acid, any of the organic carboxylic acids
present in fats and oils as esters of glycerol. Molecular weights
of fatty acids vary over a wide range. The carbon skeleton of
any fatty acid is unbranched. Some fatty acids are saturated,
i.e.  and there is more control of micro-structure (tailor-made
product). This results in better physical properties like lower
rolling resistance Rolling resistance, sometimes called rolling
friction or rolling drag, is the resistance that occurs when an
object such as a ball or tire rolls. It is caused by the
deformation of the wheel or tire or the deformation of the
ground.  and better wet grip, which is a most
 monomer
 of the chain-end active site to the silica-reactive
functionality, by reaction with a carefully designed
functionalizing agent. Bridgestone said if the new
compound, with nonporoustech (nanostructure-
oriented Molecule of any of a class of mostly
organic compounds that can react with other
molecules of the same or other compounds to form
very large molecules (polymers).  molecules to a
polymer chain. The second relates to the chemical
conversation properties control technology), is used
in a tire tread, it should improve flexibility in cold
conditions, yet retain stiffness for warm conditions.
 Reinforcing fillers

Carbon black is incorporated into the polymer to achieve several requirements.
The most stringent requirements are good tread wear, low rolling resistance and
superior traction. Out of these parameters, if one improves, another will
deteriorate. These three inter-related properties are sometimes assigned to a so-
called magic triangle.

In the recent past, a lot of development has taken place in reinforcing filler
technology. These developments include the introduction and usage of improved
grades of silica, development of dual fillers, nanotechnology for improved tire
performance, introduction of biofillers such as corn starch in tire treads (eco
friendly tires, Goodyear), introduction of polymeric fillers, and ground rubber as
a recycling material and eco friendly filler.

The use of highly dispersible silica, together with silanes and high vinyl solution
SBR, has met all critical magic triangle requirements like good dry and wet
traction, reduced tread wear and low rolling resistance. Highly dispersible, high
surface area silica offers nearly a 40% reduction of rolling resistance and
approximately 30% reduction of heat build-up.
 The increasing price of crude oil has built up the pressure on the tire and
automobile industries to develop low rolling resistant tires with better
traction. Filler with a combination of carbon and silica, with a coupling
agent, (dual filler technology) shows low rolling resistance with better
traction and skid resistance in tire tread compounds. Carbon black
developed by a plasma process and nano structure black are new significant
developments in filler technology.

Carbon black-silica dual phase fillers reduce hysteresis

hysteresis (hĭs'tərē`sĭs), phenomenon in which the response of a physical
system to an external influence depends not only on the present magnitude
of that influence but also on the previous history of the system.  while
maintaining or improving abrasion resistance. This system is less expensive,
as the coupling agent requirement is less, and produces a semi-conductive
product compared to a full silica filler system. The dual phase filler is less
abrasive to the processing equipment compared to the usage of silica filler
alone. But, the use of dual phase filler increases the cost of a compound
compared to traditional carbon black.

Carbon black by a plasma process replaces the incomplete combustion with

direct splitting of the hydrocarbon feed stock oil, using plasma, into
hydrogen and carbon black. It produces carbon black of pre-determined
 characteristics.

Nano-structure black is a family of new carbon blacks characterized by a rough surface and
enhanced filler-polymer interaction (figure 2). It hinders the slippage of polymer molecules
along the rough nano-structure surface and reduces the hysteresis significantly. This type of
black ideally meets truck tire requirements, as it provides improved tread wear in addition
to low hysteresis

1. pertaining to hydrophobia (rabies).

2. not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water.

3.  in nature. This generates a huge surface energy difference at the polymer-filler interface
and results in macro-phase separation. Coupling agents weremultistage
1. Functioning in more than one stage: a multistage design project.

2. Relating to or composed of two or more propulsion units.  mixing technology and

consuming energy. The efficiency of coupling agents is very low in the presence of other
rubber chemicals. Recently developed functionalized fillers overcome this. Functionalized
filler is a new category of fillers in which the surface chemistry of the filler is changed for
better polymer-filler interaction. This is a suitable way to improve the degree of
reinforcement of rubber and polymer-filler interaction by providing functionality to the
filler surface, which is stable at normal mixing temperature, but can react with the rubber
matrix during vulcanization. This leads to grafting of filler particles on the rubber matrix,
with great improvement of physical properties. The shape of the aggregate plays an
important role in the distribution of filler in the rubber matrix, and controlled aggregate
 Nano particles and nano composites

 Developments in nanocomposites are a significant development of the 21st.

Nowadays, the market..... century Click the link for more information. and nano
clay are distributed in nanoscale within the organic polymer matrix. Increased
surface area of nano-fillers produces better interfacial polymer-nanofiller
interaction. Polymer nanocomposites show a very high degree of reinforcement;
high thermal stability.
Fillers with extremely high aspect ratios (1,000-10,000), such as carbon nano-
tubes, have a much lower percolation threshold (lower amount is required for
equivalent reinforcement). Therefore, it might be possible to value of
nanocomposites is $75 million and is expected to soar to $250 million by 2010. The
rapid growth in this field will definitely change the material demand scenario for
the tire industry to a large extent in coming years. Polymer nanocomposites are
organic-inorganic hybrid materials where the inorganic phase like nano silica,
nano zinc oxidezinc oxide, chemical compound, ZnO, that is nearly insoluble in
water but soluble in acids or alkalies. It occurs as white hexagonal crystals or a
white powder commonly known as zinc white.
formulate a compound that both conducts and has all the other advantages of the
'green' tire by the incorporation of relatively small amounts of carbon nano-tubes
into the silica filled compound.
 Plasticizers/oils
 has led to the usage of non-toxic types of extender oil. These non-toxic oils are mostly DAE

 having a capacity for carcinogenesis.  potential of the PCAs. Concern about the toxicity of
highly aromatic oil
 a product of distillation.  aromatic extract), TDAE TDAE Treated Distillate Aromatic
Extract

 Mineral oils, also known as extender See Media Center Extender, bus extender and DOS
extender.  oils, are a wide range of a minimum 1,000 different chemical components and
are used for the reduction of compound cost and improved processing behavior (ref. 10).
They are also used as a plasticizer
Any of various substances added to plastics or other materials to make or keep them soft.
polycyclic hydrocarbons
thyroid initiators, i.e. they increase the incidence of thyroid tumors.  aromatic (PCA (tool,
programming) PCA - A dynamic analyser from DEC giving information on run-time
performance and code use. ) materials. Almost 75% of the extender oils are used in the
tread, sub-tread and shoulder; 10-15% are used in the sidewall; approximately 5% are
used in the innerliner and less than 10% are used in the remaining parts of a typical
passenger car radial tire. In total, one passenger tire can contain up to 700 grams of oil.

A lot of studies since 1970 have been done and have, more or less, proved the carcinogenic
carcinogenic
 TDAE Tetra-Kis Dimethylamino Ethylene  (treated distillate
aromatic extract) and MES (Manufacturing Execution
Software) Software that provides real time access to plant
activities that include equipment, labor, orders and
inventory. An MES integrates the data with enterprise
resource planning (ERP) systems so that management has
complete control of  (mild extraction solvates).

Existing extender oils can be replaced by RAE (residual

aromatic extract), hydrogenated naphthenic oils (HNAP)
and blends of highly immobile asphaltenic hydrocarbons.
Low molecular weight polymer also acts as a process aid
during mixing and processing, and is a potential candidate
that can replace the conventional process oil. It gets cured
along with the rubber and offers better performance.
 Reinforcing materials/fabrics
 There are several fibers currently used in carcass
reinforcement. High modulus low shrinkage (HMLS HMLS
High-Modulus Low-Shrinkage (polyester tire cords)
HMLS High/Medium/Low Selector ) polyester (PET) is
typically used in most radial passenger tires and offers a good
mix of properties. Nylon is used extensively in bias ply tires
where strength is paramount. Rayon rayon, synthetic fibers
made from cellulose or textiles woven from such fibers; more
rayon is manufactured than any other synthetic fiber. The name
was adopted (1924), in preference to "artificial silk," by the
U.S. Dept.  is the reinforcement cord of choice in Europe for
high performance tires, due to its ability to maintain
mechanical properties at high temperature. Aramid fiber offers
ultra high performance properties, but at a high cost. This cost
limits the usage of aramid to high-end luxury and race car tires.
 flexural deformity
 fixation of joints in flexion. In the newborn called contracted calves or foals.
 fatigue equivalent to PET and rayon. It has equivalent toughness to rayon,
which is important for sidewall impact resistance. PEN's superior
mechanical properties also afford opportunities to use less fiber in carcass
construction, enabling production of lighter weight, more fuel-efficient tires.

In radial tires, the carcass provides reinforcement along the radial direction.
To provide reinforcement in the rolling direction, belts are necessary (ref.
11). Steel is the traditional material of choice, but there has been a drive to
replace it with lighter-weight synthetic cords. Aramids offer a synthetic
alternative, but their cost has been prohibitive.


The reversion characteristics of natural rubber are of great concern. A lot of

novel chemicals have been introduced to increase the reversion resistance
efficiency of NR. Some examples of these are a zinc soap activator
 Products

With all-around development, the expectations of tire customers
have also grown. Now, customers are more demanding .In the
context of general equities, this describing a buy interest in
which a dealer is asked to offer stock, often involving a capital
commitment. Antithesis of in touch with.  better mileage (tread
wear), lower heat build-up, better ride and handling (dry and
wet traction) and environmental friendliness (i.e., low rolling
resistance, reduced noise, more durability and less pollution).
Keeping customers' expectations in mind, major tire
manufacturers have introduced several innovative products.
The development of super single tires, run flat technology,
active wheel systems, the Tweel tire, solid tires (closed cellular
PU fires) and multi air chamber fires are among the major
path-breaking achievements in the recent past of the tire
industry.
 Super single tire
The super single fire is a fire that replaces two fires, increases
freight volume by lowering the floor level, decreases total fire
weight and rolling resistance (RR), decreases tire waste and
reduces materials

Active wheel system

In an active wheel system, each active wheel is equipped with an
electric motor. The electric motor not only runs the wheel, but it
also can be used to slow and stop it, so traditional disc or drum
brakes might eventually be eliminated. By using electric motors
to turn the wheels, the large heavy transmission and differential
become obsolete.
 Polyurethane tire
 Solid polyurethane tires can have weight equal to or less than a pneumatic tire and
tube, strength and durability, and with wear resistance exceeding that of pneumatic
rubber tires by up to 300 percent or a life span of up to four times that of the normal
rubber tire. A wide range of PU tires can be developed with pressures ranging from 30
to 175 psi to provide a riding quality and firmness normally associated with rubber
pneumatic tires, can be fully molded with a thick self-skin and can be snap-fitted on
standard rims with inexpensive mounting tools. Competitive pricing makes these tires
affordable compared to regular rubber tires and puncture-proof tubes. In tests
performed by an independent laboratory, tire performance was shown to be equal to or
better than pneumatic tires. Micro-cellular polyurethane tires are recyclable, with
worn-out material being used for such applications as doormats, truck bed liners,
racetracks and non-pneumatic tires. The micro-cellular tire will be one of the biggest
revolutions in the field of tire technology. A PU tire made of micro-cellular PU foam
consists of hundreds of thousands of microscopic air cells, both open and closed,
trapped in a dense and very tough PU rubber matrix. The result is a puncture-proof
PU tire. Properties of PU rubber can be easily changed from rigid to flexible; hence it
becomes an excellent alternative to the traditional pneumatic tire. In PU tires, each
micro-cell acts as an independent cushioning agent, and a puncture will not cause the
whole tire to go fiat. In addition, these microscopic air ceils will regain their original
size, shape and form once the sharp object is removed from the tire, returning the rider
to the original comfort and grip of the journey. According to Huntsman Polyurethanes,
 The spare tire is a heavy and, in many cases, unnecessary weight to be
carried around in the vehicle. Tires are becoming more reliable and
durable, but punctures can still occur. Companies have been studying
techniques for eliminating the spare tire for many years. Most of the
major tire companies now have products that will run for a defined safe
distance and speed when the air is lost. Self-supporting tires with heavy
sidewall inserts have required compounders to formulate new recipes that
are stiff enough to support the load, but also resistant to the excessive
temperatures that are generated when the tire over-deflects. Ultra high
tensile steel cords replace or supplement the conventional polyester or
rayon carcass of run-flat car tires. The downside of this insert philosophy,
which is not required for a very high percentage of the tire's life and in
most cases never at all, is that it is a heavy weight addition and detracts
from rolling resistance and ride comfort (figure 4).

Other run-flat systems have been developed that incorporate a separate

internal support ring of novel materials and designs, which prevents the
tire from over-distorting and, hence, dislodging from the rim.
 Tire pressure monitoring system A tire pressure monitoring
system (TPMS) is an electronic system to monitor the air
pressure inside a pneumatic tire. They are sometimes referred
to as remote tire pressure monitoring systems (RTPMS) or
simply as Run flat indicators.  (TPMS (Transaction
Processing Monitor System) A TP monitor from Fujitsu
Services, formerly ICL, that is used in conjunction with its
IDMSX database system. TPMS supports up to 16,000 online
users. See IDMSX. ) for run flat tires

The market is still reluctant to adopt these run-flat tires until

there is an integral system that warns the driver of pressure
loss. Many new 'smart' developments are hitting the markets
that monitor tire temperatures and pressure. This type of
monitoring is also beneficial to fleet operators who need to
measure and maintain tire operating pressure to minimize tire
wear and fuel consumption.
 Tweel--the tire of the future
 Michelin's new innovation, the Tweel, is a single unit consisting of four pieces,
including the hub, polyurethane spokes, a shear band surrounding the spokes and tread
band. Its high lateral stiffness improves cornering. The Tweel can be engineered to give
five times the lateral stiffness as a pneumatic tire without any loss in ride comfort. It is
impervious to nails on the road. The tread will last two to three times as long as today's
radial tires, and can be retreaded again. The Tweel's hub functions as it would in a
normal wheel. A rigid attachment connects the hub to the axle. The polyurethane spokes
are flexible to help absorb road impacts. The shear band surrounding the spokes
effectively takes the place of the air pressure, distributing the load. The tread is similar
in appearance to a conventional tire

Multi air chamber tyre

Bridgestone announced in a news release in February 2006 the development of a multi
air chamber tire, which has three separate chambers acting as pressure vessels .
 The all-new type of tire contour was born from extensive R&D efforts
with a view to the future of tires. The inside of the tire consists of a main
chamber in the center and sub-chambers on both sides. The air pressure in
each of the chambers can be controlled independently, making it possible
to adjust the stiffness balance between the tread area and the left and right
sidewalls. This ensures ideal contact in any condition, and thus, a more
stable and comfortable drive. It also means performance can be adjusted
in line with customer needs, such as comfort or maneuverabilitY.

Also, as the tire is divided into three parts, even if the air pressure in one
of the chambers drops to 0 kPa, caused by a nail puncture, for instance,
the remaining chambers will be able to support the weight of the tire, so it
will be able to continue to operate for a specified distance.
 Manufacturing technology
 Over a few decades, tire manufacturing technology has undergone a series of changes and the
tire has become a high technology product. There are some differences in manufacturing
technologies adopted by different companies to achieve these conflicting demands based on
their technical competency. However, the major players are trying to develop modular
manufacturing systems, e.g., C3M C3M Command, Control, and Communications Counter-
Measures  (carcasse, monofill, moulage moulage /mou·lage/ (moo-lahzh´) [Fr.] the making of
molds or models in wax or plaster; also, a mold or model so produced.
  

 Future challenges in material requirements

Performance requirements, environmental issues and availability/cost of the material will
mainly drive material requirements in the future. In order to face a huge tire wastage wastage

a loss of product or productivity; in terms of animal production includes losses due to deaths
of animals, lowered production from survivors, including reproduction, and lost opportunity
income.
  
 ), usage of EPDwastage Fetal wastage, see there  problem causing a major
hazard in the environment, future development in rubbery materials will
be focused on development of thermoplastic A polymer material that turns
to liquid when heated and becomes solid when cooled. There are more
than 40 types of thermoplastics, including acrylic, polypropylene,
polycarbonate and polyethylene.  polymers so that used polymers could be
recovered by thermal treatment and separation,

Solution SBR with a star branched structure, alpha methyl styrene grades
of SBR and high styrene ESBR ESBR Economic Statistics Briefing Room
 are replacing conventional SBR grades. Neodymium catalyst based BR,
epoxidized NR and synthetic IR as a substitute for NR are other general-
purpose rubbers getting continuous popularity due to different reasons.
Polyurethane usage in solid tires (first commercialization by Amerityre
passed FMVSS FMVSS Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard
FMVSS Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards  testsM EPDM Ethylene-
Propylene-Diene-
  
 Monomer

 In reinforcing materials, double-dipped polyesters for improved tire durability,

plasma treated yams for improved bonding in the tire, increased usage of aramid
fabric as belt and application of PEN are the areas where manufacturers are
showing interest. The introduction of new styles of steel wire geometry for
improved rubber to metal adhesion and new steel wire coating formulations for
improved rubber to metal bonding are other focused areas of development.

A major breakthrough in reinforcing materials can come with the development

of nanofibers that can be aligned in a polymer matrix and give high strength to
the polymer. This can reduce the capital equipment requirement and recycling
problem. Successful development of a molecular architecture where
crystallization Crystallization

The formation of a solid from a solution, melt, vapor, or a different solid phase.
Crystallization from solution is an important industrial operation because of the
large number of materials marketed as crystalline particles.  of planes within the
polymer structure would give reinforcement to a flexible amorphous phase could
produce a tire without fabric reinforcement.
 Technology challenges

 Use of machines, either wholly or in part, to replace human or animal

labour. Unlike automation, which may not depend at all on a human
operator, mechanization requires human participation to provide
information or instruction.  in agriculture and construction work,
continuous crude oil price increases and aggressive competition.

Technology needs to be geared up for growing radialization that could

reach up to even 90-95% in developing countries, H and V rated tires
would emerge as brand builders, ride and handling, noise level,
rolling resistance, etc., as unique selling propositions, and wet skid
becoming a mandatory requirement. Mileage, coupled with high
performance, would be the future challenge, and radialization would
come faster. Truck radials are to grow in inter-nodal and bus
segments. LT radials are used in short haul and hilly terrains.
Uniformity, balance, wet skid, etc., may become mandatory.
 The bias segment will face challenges imposed by radials.
This segment would demand more mileage with high load
carrying capacity carrying capacity

the number of animal units that a farm or area will carry

on a year round basis, including that needed for
conservation of winter feed. Usually stated as dry cows or
dry sheep equivalents per hectare.  and at higher speeds.
Rising fuel cost will increase the cost pressure--thus high
mileage, fuel efficiency and better retreadability will be
the unique selling propositions. Mechanization will
increase demand for farm and OTR tires. The emergence
of high HP tractors leading to larger tire sizes, and radial
technology improving mileage and cut/stubble resistance
will be the key challenges.
 Future developments
 Lower aspect ratio for automobile tires, higher load carrying capacity
and reduced size for truck tires would be key sectors for development.
Farm and off-road tires will face demands for higher speeds, more ride
comfort and enhanced traction. Development of advanced higher
strength reinforcements will lead to lower weight and reduced
thickness for the tire.

Advancement in tire technology is expected to continue to take

advantage of emerging technologies, to meet further customer
demands and to accommodate new applications. Different tires will be
introduced in the front and rear positions of automobiles as a result of
the different loadings. Unsymmetrical tread designs will have different
patterns on the outer and inner halves of the tread, thus
accommodating the different contact forces on the two halves of the
footprint, especially during cornering.
.

Reduction in tire development time and improvement in the
quality continue to advance by the use of computers. Customer
demands for enhanced performance will lead to further
customizing of tire designs for particular applications. Different
vehicles may require different tires, fine-tuned to the specific
features of each vehicle and its suspensions. New designs may
include "zoned" treads with different materials used in the
shoulders and in the crown area to optimize the overall
performance, or zone tread designs with a relatively wide and deep
circumferential groove in the middle of the tread to facilitate water
removal and prevent aquaplaning The development of a tire able
to run some distance after air loss will continue to be pursued to
eliminate the requirement of a spare tire. Pressure warning
devices, which provide a safety alarm and may give the driver
enough warning to be able to drive to the nearest aid station, are
another research area
 Conclusion

 The pneumatic tire, which already performs

remarkable functions at a very modest cost, will
continue to develop and further enhance its value
to the customer.
 
 THANK YOU
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