Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The
Laboratory evaluation
Hb and Hct
It serves as an estimate of the RBC mass but
their interpretation must take into consideration
the volume status of the person
The recticulocyte count
It reflects the rate of production of the RBC and
it is an indication of the bone marrow response
to the anemia
The MCV
It is used in classifying anemia i.e whether microcytic,
normocytic and macrocytic .
Proper interpretation of MCV depends on the
examination of peripheral smear for the ff reasons
Small and large cells may be present simultaneously
resulting a normal MCV
The recticulocyte colud increase the MCV because they
are larger the RBCs
Abnormal cells may be present in numbers too small to
affect the MCV
Lab ctn
Examination
of peripheral smear
This is mandatory because
Heterogenicity in RBC size and shape may be
seen
Lab ctn
Additonal
classification
Anaemia
results;
Usually, the MCV is normal in early iron
deficiency. As the Hct falls below 30%,
anisocytosis increases, and hypochromic
microcytic cells appear, followed by a decrease
in MCV
Classifications of anaemia
Classification ctn
Classification ctn
Excessive
bleeding
Sudden
Accidents
Surgery
Childbirth
Ruptured blood vessel
Classification ctn
Chronic
Nosebleeds
Hemorrhoids
Ulcers in the stomach or small intestine
Cancer or polyps in the GIT
Kidney or bladder tumors
Heavy menstrual bleeding
classification
respiration
Several enzyme-catalyzed reactions
Absorption or iron
Dietary
Absorption
Meat
Food acids eg. Citric acid, lactic acid or
ascorbic acid
etiology
Etiology ctn
Menorrhagia(
Clinical findings
Appearance
tired, lifeless appearance, listless
Skin and hair
pale skin, inelastic, and often dry, dry
and often scanty hair
Mouth papillary atrophy and erythema of the tongue,
angular stomatitis
Eye
pearly white, sclerea
Nails flattened, longitudinally rigid and concave
Cardiovascular system slight cardiomegaly,
tarchycardia, functional systolic mumur, ankle edema
decreased
MCHC
decreased
Marrow iron stores depleted
Serum iorn reduced
Serum ferritin reduced
Serum transferrin increased
Heamoglobin reduced
pica
Laboratiory results
therapy
Treatments
available include
Oral iron therapy
Parental iron therapy
Blood tranfusion
Side effects
These
include
Constipation
Cramping
Diarrhoea
nausea
Parenteral therapy
A 0.5ml
Blood transfusion
Blood
Megaloblastic anemia
A group
Folic acid
Green leafy vegetables
Fruits
Organ meat such as liver and kidney
Vitamin B12
Fresh liver
Eggs
Meat
Kidney
Diary products
fish
Megablastic anaemia
folic acid deficiency
Causes
include;
Decreased intake( alcoholism)
Malabsorption
Increased use( hemolytic anemia, pregnancy)
Some drugs ( trimethoprim, methothrexate,
sulfsalazine, pyrimethamine, oral
contraceptives and anticolvosants) may lead to
a disturbed folate metabolism
Megaloblastic anemia
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Laboratory result
jh
Lab results
Lab cont
Bone
Treatment
goals;
The
treatment
Treatment ctn
Treatment ctn
Low
Treatment
Vitamin B12
The
Treatment ctn
Treatment ctn
Oral
Treament ctn
Transfusion
symptoms
Generalised
Anorexia
Insomnia
depression
coldness
pathogenesis
This
Laboratory findings
Hct
of 20-30%
Normal MCV
RBCs are normochromic
Occassional presence of echinocytes and
acanthocytes
Treatment
goals
Sujective
benefits include
Increase energy
Enhance appetite
Better sleep parterns
Improve sexual activity
Treament
goals
Objective
benefits
Enhanced exercise capacity
Improve cognitive function
Elinication of RBC transfusions and reduction
of iron overload
treatment
Treatment ctn
Patients
in external genitalia
Amenorrhoea
Acne
Voice deeping
Liver sysfunction
Hepatic cancer
Treatment ctn
Recombinant human erythropoeitin
( rHuEpo)
Treatment ctn
Recombinant human erythropoeitin
( rHuEpo)
treatment
Response
Side effects
Myalgias
Headaches
Hypertension
Flank
pain
Seizures
Aplastic anemia
This
pathogenesis
Etiology
Acquired
Etiology
acquired
Viral
Cytomegalovirus
Hepatits
Herpes virecella zoster
Influenza
Rubella
Etiology
acquired
Other
Ionizing radiation
Pregnancy
Parosysmal nocturnal hemoglobiniria
Etiology
congenital
Dyskeratosis
congenita
Fanconis anemia
Schwarchman-Diamond syndrome
Treatment
goal
Removal
Treatment ctn
Pharmacologic
agents
Bone marrow transplant
Pharmacologic agents
anemia
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Drug-induced hemolytic anemia
Micrangiopatic hemolytic anemia
Sickle cell anemia
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase
Deficiency (G6PD)