2.

3 DYNAMIC PROPERTIES

2.3 DYNAMIC PROPERTIES

In many engineering application, products or
components are subjected to various types of dynamic
loading. These may include:
Sudden impacts or load that vary rapidly in magnitude
Repeated cycles of loading and unloading
Frequent changes in the mode of loading, such as from tension to

compression

To handle these conditions, we must be able to

characterize the mechanical properties of engineering
materials under dynamic loading.

2.3 DYNAMIC PROPERTIES

IMPACT TEST
Several tests have been developed to evaluate the
toughness or fracture resistance of a material when it
is subjected to a rapidly applied load or impact. Of the
tests that have become common, two basic types have
emerged:
Bending impacts, which include the standard Charpy and Izod tests.
Tension impacts.

2.3 DYNAMIC PROPERTIES

CHARPY IMPACT TEST

The Charpy impact test, also known impact test as
the Charpy V-notch test, is a standardized high strainrate test which determines the amount
of energy absorbed by a material during fracture. The
apparatus consists of a pendulum of known mass and
length that is dropped from a known height to impact a
notched specimen of material.

2.3 DYNAMIC PROPERTIES

IZOD IMPACT TEST

Izod
impact
testing is standard
method
of
determining the impact resistance of materials. An arm
held at a specific height (constant potential energy) is
released. The test is similar to the Charpy impact
test but uses a different arrangement of the specimen
under test.

2.3 DYNAMIC PROPERTIES

FATIGUE & ENDURANCE LIMIT

Materials can also fail by fracture if they are subjected to
repeated applications of stress, even though the peak stresses
have magnitudes less than the ultimate tensile strength and
usually less than the yield strength. This phenomenon, known
as fatigue, can result from either the cyclic repetition of a
particular loading cycle or entirely random variations in stress.
If the material will not fail regardless of the number of load
cycles is known as the endurance limit or endurance
strength, and may be an important criterion in many designs.

2.3 DYNAMIC PROPERTIES

FATIGUE FAILURES
Components that fail as a result of repeated or cyclic
loadings are commonly called fatigue failures. These
fractures form a major part of a larger group known as
progressive fractures.

2.4 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS

2.4 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS

Temperature changes and extremes affect the value of
many engineering properties. From a manufacturing
viewpoint, the effects of temperature are equally
important. Numerous manufacturing processes involve
heat, and the elevated temperature and processing may
alter the material properties in both favorable and
unfavorable ways. A material can often be processed
successfully, or economically, only because heating or
cooling can be used to change its properties. Elevated
temperatures can be quite useful in modifying the
strength and ductility of a material.

2.4 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS

CREEP
Long-term exposure to elevated temperatures can also
lead to failure by a phenomenon known as creep. If a
tensile-type specimen is subjected to a constant load at
elevated temperature, it will elongate continuously until
rupture occurs, even though the applied stress is below the
yield strength of the material at the temperature of testing.