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Heat Engine
Hot Body
(source of heat)
Q1
Q2
Cold Body
(absorbs heat)
HE2 Thermal Physics
Open system
HE2 Thermal Physics
Internal Combustion
Engine
d
a
Q=0
Q=0
Heat Engine
Hot Body
(source of heat)
Q1
Q2
Cold Body
(absorbs heat)
HE2 Thermal Physics
Efficiency of a Heat
Engine W
Q1
Q1
Q1
Q1
The Stirling
Engine
Closed system
See:
http://www.animatedengines.com/ltdstirling.shtml
Heat
in
(TH - TC ) is
proportional to the
amount of work
that is done in a
cycle.
= air temp
=hot
water
2
isotherma
l
Heat
out
HE2 Thermal Physics
Carnot Cycle
Hot Reservoir
T1
Q1
Q2
Cold Reservoir
T2
HE2 Thermal Physics
Carnot Cycle
Pressure
a
nRT1
P=
V
Q1
b
Q=0
nRT2
P=
V
T1
Q=0
d
Q2
P=
const .
V
c T2
Volume
HE2 Thermal Physics
Carnot Cycle
Pressure
a
nRT1
P=
V
Q1
b
Q=0
nRT2
P=
V
d
Q2
T1
Q=0
P=
const .
V
c T2
Volume
HE2 Thermal Physics
Carnot Cycle
From a to b: isothermal, so that U = 0 and Q = W
Thus, Q1 = +nRT1ln(Vb/Va)
(+ve quantity)
From b to c: adiabatic, Q = 0, so that TV-1 is
1
constant.
T1 Vc
-1
-1
Thus, T1Vb = T2Vc or
T2
Vb
Carnot Cycle
We see that:
T1 Vc
T2 Vb
Now also:
V
d
Va
Vc Vb
Vd Va
Q1 T1
But as the
Q2 T2
volume ratios
are equal:
This is an important result. Temperature can be
defined (on the absolute (Kelvin) scale) in terms of
HE2 Thermal Physics
the heat flows in a Carnot Cycle.
c = 1
373
= 0.20 =
Q1
273
W
c = 1
= 0.08 =
298
Q1
Heat Engine
Hot Body
(source of heat)
Q1
W= -Q1
E
Q2 = 0
Cold Body
(absorbs heat)
HE2 Thermal Physics
Heat Engine
Hot Body
(source of heat)
Q1= 0
POSSIBLE!
E
Q2 = W
Examples:
friction creating
heat; isothermal
compression of
ideal gas
Cold Body
(absorbs heat)
HE2 Thermal Physics
Hot Body
Q1
Refrigerator Efficiency:
heat out Q2
R
work in W
Q2
Cold Body
HE2 Thermal Physics
Refrigerator Efficiency
R
heat out Q2
work in W
Q2
R
Q1 Q2
c
Q2
Q2
T2
T2
R
T2
T1 T2
Q1 Q2
T1 T2
1 T2 / T1