Professional Documents
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Non-Destructive Testing
- This is carried out on components rather than on test
pieces, they are designed to indicate flaws occurring
due or after manufacture. They give no indication of
the mechanical properties of the material.
- Surface flaws may be detected by visual means
aided by dye penetrant or magnetic crack detection.
- Internal flaws may be detected by X-ray or ultrasonic
testing.
- In addition to this there are special equipment able to
exam machine finish.
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Tensile Test
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and after Yield Point (YL) to Ultimate Load (S) is the plastic limit.
- Ultimate Load (S) to Breaking point (B) this stage local wasting or
extension will start which termed necking. Normally this starts at about
the centre of the specimen and will rapidly be followed by failure up to
breaking point (B).
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Proof Test
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Proof Stress:
For a material which does not have a marked yield point such
as Aluminium, there is a substitute stress specified. This is
termed the proof stress.
- Proof stress is determined from a load/extension or
stress/strain graph.
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Creep Testing
- Creep tests are carried out
under controlled temperature
over an extended period of
time in the order of 10,000hrs.
- The test piece is similar to
the type used for tensile tests
and creep is usually thought
of as being responsible for
extensions of metal only. In
fact creep can cause
compression or other forms
of deformation
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HARDNESS TESTING
The basis of the Brinell hardness
testing is the resistance to
deformation of a surface by a
loaded steel ball.
Oil is pumped into the chamber
between the pistons until there is
sufficient pressure to raise the
Weight so that it is floating. The ball
is now forced into the specimen
material at the same force. The
loading for steel and metals of
similar hardness is 3,000Kg. The
load is allowed to act for 15 sec to
ensure that plastic flow
occurs.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Chief Engineer
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Transition Temperatures
As temperature decreases a ductile material can become
brittle - ductile-to-brittle transition
The transition temperature is the temp at which a
material changes from ductile-to-brittle behavior
Alloying usually increases the ductile-to-brittle
transition temperature. FCC metals remain ductile down
to very low temperatures. For ceramics, this type of
transition occurs at much higher temperatures than for
metals.
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